Table 1 Major pharmacological effects of ginseng leaf-stem extracts
From: Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions
Pharmacological effects | Dose | Subjects | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Central nervous system | |||
   CNS-depression effects | -- | Mice | |
   Anti-electroconvulsive shock | 50 mg/kg × 7 days | Rats | [33] |
   Improving memory | 11.25 g/kg Jiannaoning | Rats | [36] |
Cardiovascular system | |||
   Protecting cardiac cell | 20 mg/kg iv; 54,27,13.5 mg/kg | Dogs; rats | |
   Preventing coronary vascular dysfunction | 120 mg/kg | Rats | [41] |
   Antagonizing (NE, KCl, CaCl2) effects | 0.03-3 mg/min | Rabbits; guinea pigs | |
   Anti-CHD effects | -- | Patients | [44] |
   Effects on ANP gene expression | 50 mg/kg × 7 d | Rats | |
Effects on Growth and metabolism | |||
   Increasing body weight | -- | Young mice and rats | [32] |
   Effects on lipid metabolism | -- | Hyperlipidemic mice | [47] |
   Regulating lipid metabolism | 60 mg/kg | Rabbits | [48] |
Anti-hyperglycemic effects | |||
   Anti-diabetic effects | -- | Diabetic patients | [49] |
   Anti-hyperglycemic effects | -- | Mice, rats | [58] |
   Lowering blood glucose | 150 mg/kg × 12 d | ob/ob mice | [21] |
   Increasing blood insulin | -- | Mice; rats | [60] |
   Hypoglycemic activities | 200 mg/kg × 12 d | ob/ob mice | [61] |
Anti-obesity activities | |||
   Decreasing body weight | 150 mg/kg × 12 d | ob/ob mice | |
Anti-cancer effects | |||
   Anti-prostate, bladder and renal cancer | -- | Patients | [63] |
   Killing cancer cells via at least 5 pathways | -- | Normal and cancer cells | [64] |
   Reducing apoptotic cell number | 60-140 mg/kg | Mouse cells | [65] |
Anti-oxidant activity | |||
   Suppressing antioxidant enzyme activity | 40-200 mg/kg | Diabetic rats | [69] |
   Antioxidant property in cardiac cells | 0.25-1 mg/ml | Rat cultured cardiac cells | [8] |
   Restoring free radical-damaged cells | 30 μg/ml (Rb1,2,3) | Cultured myocardiomyocytes | [72] |
Other pharmacological effects | |||
   Anti-fatigue | 100/200 mg/kg | Rats | [73] |
   Anti-ulcer | 100 mg/kg | Mice | [6] |
   Anti-diuretic | -- | Rats | [31] |
   Anti-aging | -- | Patients | [74] |
   Anti-foot-and-mouth disease | 10 μg* +oil emulsion | Mice | [76] |