Figure 1

Biodegradation of ginsenosides by intestinal microflora. PPDs and PPTs are deglycosylated to end-metabolites protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) respectively. Glc = beta-D-glucopyranosyl; Ara(p) = alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl; Ara(f) = alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl; Rha = alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl [73–76]