Misdiagnosis and undiagnosis due to pattern similarity in Chinese medicine: a stochastic simulation study using pattern differentiation algorithm

Table 2 Cross-table of simulated cases and controls classified simultaneously by pattern differentiation outcome and the incremental combination of the Four Examinations

	Pattern differentiation outcome			Missing	Total
Four Examinations	Correct diagnosis	Misdiagnosis	Undiagnosis	Missing	Total
True positive
Ip	3730	1060	2410	100	7300
Ip+AO	4380	1052	1768	100	7300
Ip+AO+Iq	6685	483	132	0	7300
Ip+AO+Iq+p	6754	441	105	0	7300
Total (TP)	21549	3036	4415	200	29200
True negative
Ip	4707	25	2468	100	7300
Ip+AO	5458	27	1715	100	7300
Ip+AO+Iq	7124	6	170	0	7300
Ip+AO+Iq+p	7138	7	155	0	7300
Total (TN)	24427	65	4508	200	29200
Total (TP+TN)	45976	3101	8923	400	58400

For TP: γ = -0.618, 95% CI = [-0.631, -0.606], P < 0.01; γ*² ≈ 21%
For TN: γ = -0.709, 95% CI = [-0.722, -0.695], P < 0.01; γ*² ≈ 29%
Ip = Inspection; AO = Auscultation and Olfaction; Iq = Inquiry; P = Palpation; TP = true positive cases; TN = true negative controls
Note: Missing cases were due to the absence of the manifestations describing the inspection method. These values were not considered for statistical analysis.

ISSN: 1749-8546