Protective mechanisms of medicinal plants targeting hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix deposition in liver fibrosis

Table 1 Inhibitory mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell activation via medicinal plants

Medicinal plants	Bioactive compounds/extracts	Targeted fibrogenic pathways
C. longa[27]-[46]	Curcumin	TGF-β1^a; CTGF^b; PDGF^c; TGF-α^d; VEGF^e; AGE^f; leptin; LDL^g; insulin; HIF-1α^h; PGFⁱ
S. marianum[47]-[54]	Silymarin	TGF-β1^a; CTGF^b
G. biloba[55]-[60]	G. biloba extract, EGb761	TGF-β1^a; CTGF^b; PAF^j; endothelin-1
S. miltiorrhiza[46],[49],[61]-[100]	Water extract of S. miltiorrhiza; salvianolic acid A; salvianolic acid B; magnesium lithospermate B; tanshinone IIA; IH764-3	TGF-β1^a; CTGF^b; PDGF^c; MCP-1^k; endothelin-1; angiotensin II
G. glabra[101]-[104]	Glycyrrhizin; 18α-glycyrrhizin; glycyrrhizic acid	TGF-β1^a
S. baicalensis[105]-[107]	Baicalin	TGF-β1^a
B. falcatum[32],[108],[109]	Saikosaponin-A; saikosaponin-D	TGF-β1^a
Phyllanthus species [110],[111]	Ethanol extract of P. rheedii Wight; ethanol extract of P. niruri	TGF-β1^a
B. aristata[112]-[114]	Berberine	TGF-β1^a
P. notoginseng[105],[115]-[118]	Ginsenoside Rg1; ginsenoside Rb1; P. notoginseng saponins; 25-OCH₃-PPD	TGF-β1^a; PDGF^c
A. paniculata[119]	Andrographolide	TGF-β1^a
Coffea species [120]-[130]	Caffeine; 1,7-dimethylxanthine; theophylline; theobromine	TGF-β1^a; CTGF^b; VEGF^e; PDGF^c

^aTransforming growth factor beta 1, ^bconnective tissue growth factor, ^cplatelet derived growth factor, ^dtransforming growth factor alpha, ^evascular endothelial growth factor, ^fadvance glycation end-product, ^glow-density lipoprotein, ^hhypoxia-inducible factor-1α, ⁱplacental growth factor, ^jplatelet activate factor, ^kmonocyte chemotactic protein-1.