From: Potent natural products and herbal medicines for treating liver fibrosis
Natural product/herbal medicine | Pharmacological effect | Model system | References |
---|---|---|---|
Helioxanthin | Inhibited HBV replication, suppressed IL-1-induced c-jun transcription and c-jun-mediated DNA binding activity of AP-1 | HBV-producing HepG 2.2.15 cell line | [44] |
Wogonin | Suppressed secretion of HBV antigens and reduced HBV DNA level through inhibition of HBV DNA polymerase activity | HBV-producing MS-G2 cell line | |
Matrine and oxymatrine | Inhibited HBV surface antigen secretion, E antigen, and HBV DNA replication | HBV-producing HepG 2.2.15 cell line | |
Rhodiola kirilowii Maxim | Inhibited HCV NS3 serine protease activity | Cos-7(NS3/4A-SEAP) cell line | [50] |
Green tea | Inhibited HCV viral entry and replication | Primary human hepatocyte cells infected with HCV pseudoparticles, HCV-JFH1 viral culture system, patients with HCV infection and detectable viremia | |
Glycyrrhizin acid | Inhibited HCV full-length viral particle and HCV core gene expression syngenetically with IFNα, reduced hepatic inflammation, prevented apoptosis and inflammatory infiltrates | HCV-infected liver cells, BALB/c mice | |
Nobiletin | Inhibited HCV absorption, reduced hepatic inflammation | Human lymphoblastoid leukemia MOLT-4 cell line, and primary cultured rat hepatocytes | |
Genistein | Decreased levels of inflammation mediators, including IL-6, TNFα, and myeloperoxidase | CCl4-induced rat hepatic fibrosis | [61] |
Salvianic acid A | Inhibited proliferation of HSCs, reduced expression of TGF-β1 and collagen I/III | HSC-T6 cell line | [62] |
Betulin, betulinic acid | Inhibited expression of TNFα, TGF-β1, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and MMP-2 | Alcohol-induced liver fibrosis | |
Gexia Zhuyu Tang | Attenuated fibrogenesis and reduced inflammation, reduced CCl4-induced collagen deposition | Late-stage liver fibrosis patients, CC4-induced mouse liver fibrosis | |
Yanggan Wan | Deactivated HSCs through epigenetic de-repression of PPAR-γ | Bile duct-induced cholestatic mouse liver fibrosis | [71] |
Rosmarinic acid, baicalin | De-repressed PPAR-γ through suppression of canonical Wnt signaling in activated HSCs | Bile duct-induced cholestatic mouse liver fibrosis | [71] |
Yin Chen Hao Tang | Decreased serum IFN-γ and IL-12 levels, inhibited α-SMA activation and transcription of its target genes | Rat liver fibrosis model | |
Paeoniflorin | Reduced the size of egg granuloma, fibrosis scores, serum IL-13 levels, and hydroxyproline content, and blocked IL-13 signaling pathway | CCl4-induced rat hepatic fibrosis | |
Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid | Inhibited bile acid production by blocking the interaction between FXR and its coactivator SRC-3 and endogenous ligand chenodeoxycholic acid, suppressed expression of FXR-targeted bile salt export protein, reduced hepatic free radicals through increasing hepatic transcription of Nrf2 target genes | HepG2 cell line, wild-type and Nrf2-null mice | |
Silymarin | Protected liver from further damage through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity | CCl4-induced rat liver fibrosis | |
Silybinin | Inhibited TGF-β1-induced collagen secretion and oxidase stress | Thioacetamide-induced rat liver fibrosis | [86] |
Acanthus ilicifolius alkaloid A | Reduced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress | CCl4-induced mouse liver fibrosis | |
Curcumin | Suppressed multiple proangiogenic factors that modulate cannabinoid receptors, inhibited ECM expression, decreased collagen deposition, increased serum MMP-13 and glutathione levels | CCl4-induced rat liver fibrosis | |
β-caryophyllene | Exhibited high scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, inhibited lipid peroxidation, suppressed expression of Col1a1 and TIMP-1 | CCl4-induced mouse liver fibrosis | [93] |
Diwu Yanggan formula | Modulated the EMT and MET balance | CCl4-induced rat liver fibrosis | [94] |
Salvianolic acid B | Abrogated EMT-induced fibrogenesis | Renal fibrosis model | [96] |
Fuzheng Huayu tablet | Reversed EMT in the fibrotic kidney through suppression of α-SMA, TGF-β1, and nuclear translocation of SMAD3; induced apoptosis through p38 and SAPK/JNK pathways; decreased transcription of TIMP-1, PDGF-B, and PDGF receptor β1; reversed HBV-induced fibrosis and cirrhosis; prevented TGF-β1-induced EMT | Renal fibrosis model, HSC-T6 cells, patients with chronic hepatitis B, patients with cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B, renal fibrosis rats | |
Fufang Biejia Ruangan pill | Downregulated TGF-β1/SMAD pathway transduction | Rats, HSC-T6 cell line, and clinical trial | |
Silybin-phospholipids and vitamin E complex | Reduced liver fibrosis scores and downregulated fibrosis markers, deactivated HSCs and downregulated TGF-β1 and TNFα | Fatty liver-associated HCV-positive patients | |
Obeticholic acid | Inhibited synthesis and accumulation of bile acid in the liver, reduced liver inflammation and fibrosis | Patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | |
Docosahexaenoic acid | Suppressed Procol1α1 and TGF-β1, inhibited hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress markers, including TLR4, TLR9, CD14, MyD88, and NADPH oxidase subunits | Western diet-induced NASH in Ldlr(−/−) mice | [114] |