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Table 2 Results of the two-stage Delphi method

From: SEED: the six excesses (Liu Yin) evaluation and diagnosis scale

Syndrome

No.

Item

Stage 1

Stage 2

Mean (SD)

Median

Mean (SD)

Median

Feng (wind) syndrome

1

Aversion to winda

8.03 (1.06)

8

8.28 (0.96)

8

2

Floating pulsea

7.63 (1.41)

7

7.78 (0.87)

7

3

Itchy throata

7.25 (1.16)

7

7.41 (0.80)

7

4

Headachea

7.09 (1.30)

6

7.16 (0.51)

6.5

5

Headache and painful stiffness in napea

7.06 (1.34)

7

7.06 (0.80)

7

6

Floating and relaxed pulsea

7.00 (1.42)

6

7.28 (0.82)

7

7

Clear snivela

6.97 (1.23)

7

7.09 (0.69)

7

8

Sneezinga

6.94 (1.34)

5

7.13 (0.79)

5

9

Pain at unfixed location

6.88 (2.03)

6

6.91 (1.09)

6

10

Painful stiffness in nape and back

6.84 (1.22)

6

6.84 (0.95)

5

11

Floating and rapid pulsea

6.81 (1.42)

7

7.19 (0.82)

7

12

Generalized paina

6.75 (1.59)

7

7.06 (0.67)

7

13

Nasal congestiona

6.69 (1.31)

7

7.13 (0.75)

7

14

Cough, productivea

6.59 (1.46)

7

7.06 (0.67)

7

15

Floating and weak pulsea

6.53 (1.65)

7

6.59 (1.07)

7

16

Aches and pains in joints

6.44 (1.39)

5.5

6.69 (0.59)

5

17

Generalized itching

6.44 (1.68)

5.5

6.44 (1.37)

5

18

Thin white fur

6.38 (1.79)

6

6.50 (1.05)

6

19

Pale red tongue

6.28 (1.90)

6

6.41 (0.98)

6

20

Deviated eye and mouth

6.16 (1.92)

8

5.84 (1.44)

8

21

Opisthotonosa

5.63 (2.23)

7

5.09 (1.40)

7

22

Trismus (lockjaw)a

5.53 (2.17)

7

5.06 (1.37)

7

23

Hemiplegia

5.22 (2.35)

6

5.13 (1.43)

6

Han (coldness) syndrome

1

Aversion to colda

8.22 (0.87)

8.5

8.41 (0.61)

8

2

Floating and tight pulsea

7.66 (1.10)

7

7.78 (0.79)

7

3

Preference for hot drinksa

7.53 (1.37)

7

7.53 (0.67)

7

4

Clear phlegma

7.53 (0.98)

7

7.47 (0.57)

7

5

Clear snivela

7.41 (0.95)

6

7.50 (0.67)

7

6

A lot of clear and white phlegma

7.38 (1.07)

7

7.34 (0.60)

7

7

Generalized paina

7.13 (1.34)

7

7.41 (0.67)

7

8

Headache and painful stiffness in napea

7.13 (1.18)

7

7.28 (0.58)

7

 

9

Shiveringa

7.06 (1.37)

7

7.22 (0.91)

7

10

Ache in limbsa

7.00 (1.39)

7

7.28 (0.73)

7

11

Cold body and limbsa

7.00 (1.87)

7

7.28 (0.96)

7

12

Tight pulsea

6.94 (1.39)

6

7.13 (1.16)

6

13

Aches and pains in jointsa

6.88 (1.50)

6

7.28 (0.58)

6

14

White and moist fur

6.88 (1.50)

6

6.81 (1.00)

6

15

Not thirstya

6.84 (1.32)

6

7.03 (0.93)

6

16

White, moist and thin fura

6.84 (1.51)

7

6.94 (0.95)

7

17

No desire to drink

6.84 (1.27)

6

6.81 (0.90)

6

18

Clear urinea

6.81 (1.64)

7

6.78 (0.75)

7

19

Painful stiffness in nape and backa

6.78 (1.72)

7

6.91 (0.95)

7

20

White and thin fur

6.78 (1.72)

6

6.84 (0.95)

6

21

Absence of sweatinga

6.69 (1.64)

7

7.13 (1.01)

7

22

Cold feeling on nape and back

6.69 (1.45)

7

6.94 (0.76)

6

23

Headachea

6.63 (1.36)

7

7.06 (0.95)

8

24

Cough, productive

6.53 (1.24)

7

6.75 (0.72)

6

25

White fur

6.53 (1.78)

7

6.59 (1.01)

6

26

Sloppy stool

6.50 (1.32)

7

6.66 (1.00)

6

27

Reversal cold of extremities

6.50 (1.80)

7

6.59 (1.24)

6

28

White and slippery fura

6.44 (1.63)

7

6.50 (1.02)

7

29

Nasal congestion

6.38 (1.36)

7

6.81 (0.63)

6

30

Sneezing

6.38 (1.34)

6

6.81 (0.64)

6

31

Lumbar pain or achea

6.13 (1.54)

8

6.53 (0.67)

8

32

Breathlessnessa

5.88 (1.52)

7

6.22 (1.10)

7

Shu (summer heat) syndrome

1

Thirstya

7.97 (1.00)

8

7.88 (0.71)

8

2

Fevera

7.91 (1.09)

8

8.00 (0.80)

8

3

High fevera

7.84 (1.05)

8

7.88 (0.66)

8

4

Profuse sweatinga

7.81 (1.57)

8

7.53 (0.92)

7

5

Surging pulsea

7.66 (0.94)

8

7.66 (0.79)

7

6

Fatiguea

7.59 (1.21)

7

7.72 (0.73)

7

7

Aversion to heata

7.56 (1.41)

7

7.72 (0.73)

7

8

Reddish yellow urinea

7.56 (0.88)

7

7.47 (0.67)

7

9

Red tonguea

7.53 (0.92)

6

7.63 (0.66)

6

 

10

Surging but weak pulse with dipped finger tipa

7.53 (1.02)

6

7.28 (1.02)

6

11

Desire to drinka

7.47 (1.41)

7

7.53 (0.67)

7

12

Unclear head and eyesighta

7.44 (1.01)

7

7.03 (1.06)

7

13

Rapid pulsea

7.34 (1.29)

8

7.28 (0.68)

8

14

Heavy or tired limbsa

7.31 (1.38)

8

7.25 (0.84)

7

15

Reddened complexiona

7.28 (0.85)

7

7.22 (0.61)

7

16

Preference for cold drinksa

7.28 (1.51)

7

7.13 (0.87)

7

17

Shortness of urinea

7.22 (1.04)

6

7.06 (0.95)

6

18

Red lipsa

7.19 (0.74)

7

7.19 (0.64)

6

19

Agitationa

7.13 (1.04)

7

7.00 (0.76)

7

20

Lethargya

7.03 (1.26)

7

6.78 (0.87)

7

21

Dry tongue with little salivaa

7.00 (0.95)

8

7.09 (0.93)

7

22

Anorexiaa

6.81 (1.15)

8

6.81 (0.90)

8

23

Dizzinessa

6.50 (1.22)

8

6.47 (1.08)

8

24

Stomach refluxa

6.38 (1.07)

7

6.34 (0.90)

7

25

Headachea

6.19 (1.51)

7

6.38 (1.10)

7

Shi (dampness) syndrome

1

Heavy or tired limbsa

8.19 (0.86)

7

8.09 (0.73)

7

2

Heavy-headednessa

8.09 (0.86)

8

8.06 (0.76)

8

3

Fatiguea

7.81 (0.90)

7

7.81 (0.74)

7

4

White and slimy fura

7.75 (1.05)

7

7.72 (0.68)

7

5

Unclear head and eyesighta

7.50 (0.67)

8

7.50 (0.67)

8

6

Viscous feeling in oral cavitya

7.50 (0.95)

7

7.47 (0.62)

7

7

Thick and slimy fura

7.47 (1.16)

7

7.63 (0.79)

7

8

Soggy pulsea

7.41 (1.34)

8

7.47 (1.02)

8

9

Edematous swelling in face and limbsa

7.41 (1.10)

7

7.13 (1.10)

7

10

Edema, generalized

7.28 (1.53)

6

6.94 (0.95)

6

11

Rash

7.25 (1.30)

6

6.97 (1.09)

6

12

Sloppy stoola

7.22 (1.21)

7

7.38 (0.61)

7

13

Slippery pulsea

7.19 (1.06)

7

7.22 (0.79)

7

14

Soggy and relaxed pulsea

7.19 (1.35)

7

7.19 (0.90)

7

15

White and slippery fura

7.19 (1.40)

6

7.19 (0.74)

6.5

16

No desire to drinka

7.19 (1.23)

6

7.00 (0.88)

7

17

Yellow and slimy fura

7.19 (1.18)

7

6.97 (1.03)

7

 

18

Slippery fura

7.13 (1.43)

7

7.16 (0.72)

7

19

Soft stoola

6.97 (1.36)

6

7.22 (0.61)

7

20

Anorexiaa

6.97 (1.40)

6

7.22 (0.71)

6

21

Dizzinessa

6.94 (1.46)

7

7.13 (0.83)

7

22

Lethargya

6.94 (1.34)

7

7.09 (0.89)

7

23

White and moist fura

6.94 (1.32)

7

6.97 (0.78)

7

24

Stool with dischargea

6.94 (1.32)

7

6.94 (0.72)

7

25

Oppression in chesta

6.91 (1.42)

7

7.13 (0.83)

7

26

White and moist fura

6.91 (1.53)

7

7.13 (0.75)

7

27

Not thirstya

6.91 (1.17)

7

6.97 (0.78)

7

28

Soggy and rapid pulsea

6.91 (1.23)

7

6.97 (0.90)

7

29

Dyspepsia

6.91 (1.42)

7

6.81 (1.00)

6

30

Jaundicea

6.91 (1.47)

7

6.78 (1.16)

7

31

Mild fevera

6.88 (1.31)

7

7.09 (0.59)

7

32

Stomach refluxa

6.78 (1.24)

8

6.84 (0.81)

8

33

Gastric stuffinessa

6.75 (1.46)

7

7.06 (0.76)

7

34

Vaginal dischargea

6.75 (1.46)

8

7.06(0.76)

8

35

A lot of clear and white phlegma

6.75 (1.34)

7

7.00 (0.51)

7

36

Aches and pains in jointsa

6.72 (1.35)

7

7.03 (0.47)

7

37

White fura

6.66 (1.49)

7

6.91 (0.78)

7

38

Vomitinga

6.59 (1.24)

7

6.56 (0.98)

7

39

Ache in limbsa

6.50 (1.32)

7

6.72 (0.58)

7

40

Generalized paina

6.44 (1.48)

6

6.75 (0.50)

7

Zao (dryness) syndrome

1

Dry throata

8.16 (0.72)

8

8.17 (0.66)

8

2

Dry nasal cavitya

8.06 (0.84)

7

7.90 (0.49)

6

3

Dry lipsa

8.06 (0.88)

8

7.79 (0.49)

8

4

Dry skina

7.84 (0.92)

8

7.83 (0.54)

8

5

Dry tongue with little fluida

7.75 (1.05)

8

7.66 (0.55)

8

6

Cough, nonproductivea

756 (1.08)

6

7.62 (0.62)

6

7

Thirstya

7.38 (1.43)

8

7.24 (0.83)

7.5

8

Hard bound or dry stoola

7.31 (1.28)

7

7.14 (0.49)

7

9

Sticky phlegma

7.31 (1.03)

7

7.14 (0.52)

7

10

Dry, thin and white fura

7.25 (1.34)

7

7.17 (0.80)

7

 

11

Dry, yellow and white fura

7.25 (1.16)

8

7.00 (0.89)

8

12

Dry and yellow fura

7.06 (1.29)

7

6.79 (0.73)

7

13

Desire to drinka

7.00 (1.37)

7

7.10 (0.86)

7

14

Red tongue

6.97 (1.58)

6

6.90 (0.62)

6

15

Hoarsenessa

6.88 (1.21)

7

7.00 (0.53)

7

16

Pruritusa

6.81 (1.38)

7

7.10 (0.41)

7

17

Dyscheziaa

6.50 (1.34)

7

6.59 (0.95)

7

18

Cough, productivea

6.28 (1.17)

7

6.59 (0.82)

7

Huo (fire) syndrome

1

High fevera

7.97 (0.82)

8

8.00 (0.57)

8

2

Fevera

7.94 (1.08)

8

7.97 (0.54)

8

3

Rapid pulsea

7.94 (1.19)

8

7.84 (0.68)

8

4

Heat intolerancea

7.91 (0.86)

7

7.94 (0.72)

7

5

Thirstya

7.91 (1.06)

7

7.78 (0.61)

7

6

Red tonguea

7.88 (1.01)

7

7.75 (0.67)

7

7

Preference for cold drinksa

7.69 (1.00)

6

7.63 (0.66)

6

8

Surging pulsea

7.66 (1.18)

7

7.56 (0.72)

7

9

Reddish yellow urinea

7.63 (1.01)

7

7.59 (0.56)

7

10

Sore throata

7.56 (1.11)

5

7.69 (0.69)

5

11

Reddish eyea

7.56 (1.01)

7

7.56 (0.80)

7

12

Desire to drinka

7.56 (1.11)

7

7.53 (0.57)

7

13

Reddened complexiona

7.56 (0.84)

7

7.50 (0.72)

6

14

Erythema, blister or ulcera

7.53 (0.72)

7

7.47 (0.98)

7

15

Hard bound or dry stoola

7.50 (1.19)

7

7.44 (0.67)

7

16

Agitationa

7.50 (1.11)

6

7.38 (0.71)

6

17

Red lipsa

7.47 (1.02)

6

7.63 (0.71)

6

18

Sore swollen guma

7.47 (1.02)

7

7.44 (0.76)

6

19

Dry and yellow fura

7.44 (0.56)

7

7.47 (0.62)

8

20

Hotness in chesta

7.44 (1.01)

7

7.38 (0.55)

7

21

Red tip of tonguea

7.44 (1.05)

7

7.38 (0.71)

7

22

Red tip and margin of tonguea

7.44 (1.05)

7

7.38 (0.71)

7

23

Red dot on tonguea

7.41 (1.07)

8

7.41 (0.67)

8

24

Floating and rapid pulsea

7.38 (1.18)

7

7.41 (0.67)

7

25

Dry tongue with little fluida

7.38 (1.01)

7

7.31 (0.64)

7

26

Dry, yellow and white fura

7.38 (0.61)

7

7.28 (0.63)

7

Huo (fire) syndrome

27

Ulcer on tonguea

7.34 (1.26)

6

7.31 (0.74)

6

28

Aphthaa

7.34 (1.15)

8

7.28 (0.68)

8

29

Hot feeling around anusa

7.31 (1.09)

7

7.28 (1.02)

7

30

Dry lipsa

7.31 (1.38)

7

7.16 (0.57)

7

31

Profuse sweatinga

7.31 (1.00)

8

7.06 (0.88)

8

32

Purpuraa

7.31 (1.28)

7

7.06 (0.76)

7

33

String-like and rapid pulsea

7.28 (1.14)

8

7.16 (0.63)

7

34

Stinky diarrheaa

7.28 (1.16)

7

6.97 (0.61)

7

35

Slippery and rapid pulsea

7.22 (1.16)

7

7.22 (0.61)

7

36

Hotness in abdomena

7.22 (1.21)

7

7.19 (0.54)

7

37

Dry throata

7.22 (1.29)

7

7.16 (0.57)

6

38

Decreased urinationa

7.22 (1.04)

6

7.09 (0.69)

6

39

Dysuriaa

7.22 (0.97)

7

6.91 (0.93)

7

40

Skin wheala

7.16 (0.92)

8

7.16 (0.72)

8

41

Yellow phlegma

7.13 (1.24)

7

7.22 (0.55)

7

42

Epistaxisa

7.13 (1.36)

7

7.22 (0.66)

7

43

Sudden and watery diarrheaa

7.13 (1.01)

7

6.97 (1.12)

7

44

Yellow snivela

7.06 (1.37)

8

7.16 (0.63)

7

45

Dyscheziaa

7.06 (1.22)

6.5

7.09 (0.64)

6

46

Anguish in hearta

7.03 (1.26)

7.5

7.19 (0.64)

7

47

Dry nasal cavitya

7.00 (1.30)

7

7.09 (0.53)

7

48

Bitter taste in moutha

7.00 (1.34)

7

7.06 (0.80)

7

49

Rasha

6.97 (1.40)

7

7.03 (0.69)

7

50

Bloody stool with pusa

6.97 (0.93)

7

6.97 (1.09)

7

51

Difficulty falling asleepa

6.94 (1.32)

7

7.09 (0.69)

7

52

Delirious speecha

6.84 (1.42)

8

6.72 (0.99)

8

53

Gingival bleedinga

6.81 (1.40)

7

6.91 (1.03)

7

54

Nasal flaringa

6.75 (1.46)

7

6.81 (1.06)

7

55

Difficulty maintaining sleepa

6.72 (1.30)

7

6.91 (0.59)

7

56

Hemoptysisa

6.69 (1.40)

7

6.84 (0.85)

7

57

Hematuriaa

6.69 (1.49)

7

6.66 (1.10)

7

58

Headachea

6.56 (1.32)

8

6.41 (0.87)

7

59

Hematemesisa

6.44 (1.26)

8

6.44 (0.94)

8

60

Breathlessa

6.34 (1.26)

7.5

6.13 (0.94)

7

 

61

Lethargya

6.31 (1.60)

7

6.31 (1.12)

7

62

Tinnitusa

5.84 (1.65)

7

5.94 (0.91)

7

  1. The translations were mainly according to “WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region [70]”
  2. SD standard deviation
  3. aThe 178 diagnostic items graded as 7.0 and above