Chinese medicines in the treatment of experimental diabetic nephropathy

Liu, Jing-Yi; Chen, Xiao-Xin; Tang, Sydney Chi-Wai; Sze, Stephen Cho-Wing; Feng, Yi-Bin; Lee, Kai-Fai; Zhang, Kalin Yan-Bo

doi:10.1186/s13020-016-0075-z

Chinese Medicine

Table 1 Chinese medicines used in the management of experimental diabetic nephropathy

From: Chinese medicines in the treatment of experimental diabetic nephropathy

Species	Medicinal part	Extract/Compound	DN model	Nephro-protective Mechanisms	Pharmacodynamic indicators	Duration	Ref.
Eclipta alba (han-lian-cao)	–	Ethanol extract	STZ rat	↓α-glucosidase and aldose reductase activities	FBG, HbA1C, urea, uric acid, UCr, insulin	3 weeks	[76]
GymnemamontanumHook (shi-geng-teng)	–	Ethanol extract	ALX rat	↓TBARS, hydroperoxides; ↑SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GST	FBG, insulin, urea, Cr, uric acid	3 weeks	[77]
Cinnamomumzeylanicum (xi-lan-rou-gui)	–	Aqueous extract	STZ rat	↑UCP-1, GLUT4	FBG, K/B ratio, insulin, HDL, TC, TG, Cr, histopathology	22 days	[78]
Panaxnotoginseng (san-qi)	Roots	Notoginoside	STZ rat	↓VEGF; ↑BMP-7	Cr, CCr, Ualb	4 weeks	[79]
MesonaprocumbensHemsl (xiancao)	–	Aqueous extract	STZ rat	↓TSP-1	Body weight, FBG, histopathology	4 weeks	[14]
Piper auritum (hu-jiao)	Leaves	Hexane extract	STZ rat	↓AGEs, serum glycosylated protein, LDL glycation, glycation hemoglobin, renal glucose, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance; ↑SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH	Kidney oxidative stress	4 weeks	[44]
Smallanthussonchifolius (xue-lian)	Leaves	Aqueous extract	STZ rat	↓TGF-β1, Smad2/3, collagen III, collagen IV, laminin-1, FN	FBG, insulin, UAE, Cr, kidney hypertrophy, GBM thickening	4 weeks	[80]
Milk thistle (nai-ji-cao)	–	Silymarin	STZ rat	↓Lipid peroxidation; ↑CAT, SOD, GPx	FBG, serum urea, Cr, Ualb	4 weeks	[81]
–	–	Curcumin	STZ rat	↓eNOS, ET-1, TGF-β1, FN, NF-κB, p300	ECM	4 weeks	[82]
Allium sativumL. (da-suan)	–	–	STZ rat	↓TBARS; ↑GSH	FBG, insulin, TG, TC, CCr, UAE, NAG	30 days	[13]
PsidiumguajavaL. (fan-shi-liu)	Leaves	Total triterpenoids	HFD + STZ rat	↓Hyperglycemia	FBG, insulin, Cr, BUN, capillary, base-membrane incrassation, glomerular swelling, cysts and tubules edema	6 weeks	[83]
Panaxnotoginseng (san-qi)	Roots	Notoginoside	STZ rat	↓TGF-β1; ↑Smad7	FBG, renal index, CCr, UAlb	6 weeks	[84]
Trigonellafoenumgraecum(xiang-cao)	Seeds	Aqueous extract	HFD + STZ rat	↓MDA, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, renal cortex DNA; ↑SOD, CAT	FBG, K/B ratio, Cr, BUN, UAlb, and CCr, GBM	6 weeks	[85]
Schisandraechinensis (wu-wei-zi)	Fruits	Ethanol extract	STZ mice	↓EMT, α-SMA, PAI-1, E-cadherin, Snail; ↑E-cadherin, α-SMA	ACR, UAE, ECM deposition, podocyte loss and integrity of the slit diaphragm	7 weeks	[21]
–	–	Curcumin	STZ mice	↓COX-2, caspase-3, F- to G-actin cleavage; ↑p38-MAPK, HSP25	UAlb, ACR	7 weeks	[24]
Panax ginseng (ren-shen)	–	ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg(3)	OLETF rats	↓TBARS, iNOS, CML	FBG, CCr, UAE, urine volume	50 days	[18]
PolygonummultiflorumThunb (he-shou-wu)	–	Tetrahydroxystilbene	STZ rat	↓TGF-β1, COX-2; ↑CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, SIRT1	TC, TG, BUN, Cr, UAlb, K/B ratio, MDA	8 weeks	[25]
PaeonialactifloraPall. (shao-yao)	–	Total glucosides	STZ rat	↓Macrophages accumulation and proliferation; ↑p-JAK2, p-STAT3	UAlb	8 weeks	[47]
Aceranthussagittatus (yin-yang-huo)	–	Icariin	STZ rat	↓MDA, Hyp, TGF-β1, collagen IV; ↑SOD	FBG, Cr, BUN, histopathology	8 weeks	[86]
Angelica acutiloba (dang-gui)	Roots	Aqueous ethanol extract	STZ rat	↓NF-κB, TGF-β1, FN, AGEs, RAGE	FBG, UAlb, UAE, CCr, ECM expansion	8 weeks	[87]
Salvia miltiorrhiza (dan-shen)	–	Aqueous extract	STZ rat	↓TGF-β1, AGEs, RAGE, collagen IV and ED-1	FBG, UAlb, UAE	8 weeks	[51]
Tripterygium wilfordii (lei-gong-teng)	–	Multi-glycoside	STZ rat	↓Mesangial cell proliferation, α-SMA, collagen 1	Body weight, UAlb, FBG, Cr, BUN, histopathology	8 weeks	[88]
Hibiscus sabdariffa L (luo-shen-hua)	Flowers	Polyphenols	STZ rat	↓TBARS; ↑CAT and GSH	K/B ratio, proximal convoluted tubules, TG, TC, LDL	8 weeks	[89]
Panaxquinquefolium (xi-yang-shen)	Roots	Ethanol extract	STZ+ db/db mice	↓Oxidative stress, NF-κB p65, ECM, vasoactive factors	Albuminuria and mesangial expansion	6 and 8 weeks	[90]
Rheum officinale (da-huang)	–	Rhein	db/db mice	↓TGF-β1, FN	UAE, ECM, TC, TG, LDL-C, Apo E	8 weeks	[91]
Averrhoa carambola L (yang-tao)	Roots	2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	KKAy mice	↓Hyperglycemia, AGE, NF-κB, TGF-β1, CML; ↑SOD and GSH-Px activities	Proteinuria, Cr, CCr, serum urea-N, ECM expansion	8 weeks	[17]
Radix Astragali (huang-qi)	Roots	Aqueous extract	STZ rat	↓MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, PKCα; ↑SOD and GSH-Px activities	FBG, body weight, Cr	60 days	[42]
Glycyrrhizauralensis (gan-cao)	–	–	STZ rat	↓MDA; ↑GSH, SOD and CAT	FBG, body weight, histopathology	60 days	[11]
Acacia nilotica (jin-he-huan)	Pods	Aqueous methanol extract	STZ rat	↓Hyperglycemia, LPO, ↑SOD and GSH activities	FBG, serum urea, Cr, histopathology	60 days	[28]
Portulacaoleracea (ma-chi-xian)	–	Aqueous extract	db/db mice	↓TGF-β1, AGEs, ICAM-1, NF-κB p65	FBG, Cr, water intake and urine volume	10 weeks	[92]
–	–	Genistein	STZ mice	↓ICAM-1, gp91 and TBARs; ↑ phospho-tyrosine and phospho-ERK/ERK ratio	FBG, insulin, total protein, UAlb, urinary MCP-1 excretion	10 weeks	[93]
Smilax glabraRoxb (tu-fu-ling)	Rhizome	Astilbin	STZ rat	↓TGF-β1, CTGF	Body weight, survival time, FBS	6 and 12 weeks	[94]
PsidiumguajavaL. (fan-shi-liu)	Fruits	Aqueous + methanol extract	STZ mice	↓AR activity, ROS, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CML, MDA, AR and AGEs; ↑GSH, CAT, GSH-Px	Body weight, insulin	12 weeks	[95]
–	–	Caffeic acid, ellagic acid	STZ mice	↓Sorbitol dehydrogenase, AR, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1	Body weight, urine volume, insulin, FBG, BUN, CCr, HbA1c, UAlb	12 weeks	[96]
TrigonellafoenumgraecumL. (hu-lu-ba)	Seeds	Seed powder	ALX rat	↓Glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and IL-6 in serum, MDA and IL-6 in kidney; ↑SOD and CAT activities, GSH	Glomerular mesangial expansion	12 weeks	[97]
Cornus officinalis (shan-zhu-yu)	Fruits	–	HFD + STZ rat	↓FBG, NAG, mALB; ↑insulin and Wilms tumor 1 in glomeruli	FBG, mALB, UCr, BUN, NAG, histopathology	12 weeks	[19]
Euonymus alatus (wei-mao)	Leaves and branches	Aqueous extract	Uninephrectomy + STZ rat	↓TGF-β1	Blood lipids, UAlb, HbA1c, ECM expansion and glomerulus sclerosis	12 weeks	[98]
Aster koraiensis (zi-yuan)	Aerial part	Ethanol extract	STZ rat	↓AGEs accumulation, Bax; ↑Bcl-2	FBG, HbA1c, UAE, histopathology	13 weeks	[99]
Rosa laevigataMichx. (jin-ying-zi)	Fruits	Aqueous extract	STZ rat	↓MDA, ROS, NF-κB p65, MCP-1;↑SOD and antioxidant activities, IκBα	Kidney oxidative stress	24 weeks	[43]
AbelmoschusmanihotL. (huang-shu-kui)	Flowers	Total flavone glycosides, hyperoside	STZ rat	↓Glomerular cell and podocytes apoptosis, caspase-3, caspase-8	ACR, UAlb	24 weeks	[46]

AGEs advanced glycation end products, ALX alloxan, AR aldose reductase, ACR urinary microalbumin to creatinine ratio, BMP bone morphogenetic protein, BUN blood urea nitrogen, CAT catalase, CCr creatinine clearance rate, CML N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl) lysine, CTGF connective tissue growth factor, COX cyclooxygenase, ECM extracellular matrix, ED-1 monocyte/macrophage, ET-1 endothelin-1, EMT epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinases, FBG fasting blood glucose, FN fibronectin, GBM glomerular basement membrane, GLUT glucose transporter, GSH-Px glutathione peroxidase, GST glutathione-S-transferase, HFD high fat diet, HDL high density lipoprotein, HSP heat shock protein, Hyp hydroxyproline, ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule, JAK janus kinase, K/B kidney/body weight, LDL low density lipoprotein, LPO lipid peroxidation, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase, NAG N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, NF-κB nuclear factor κB, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, mALB microalbuminuria, MCP monocyte chemotactic protein, MDA malondialdehyde, PAI plasminogen activator inhibitor, ROS reactive oxidative species, RAGE receptor of advanced glycation end-products, STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, α-SMA α-smooth muscle actin, STZ Streptozotocin, SIRT1 Sirtuin 1, SOD superoxide dismutase, TARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TGF transforming growth factor, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, TSP-1 thrombospondin-1, UAlb urinary microalbumin, UAE urinary albumin excretion, UCr urinary creatinine, UCP uncoupling protein, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor

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ISSN: 1749-8546

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