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2002
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Montazeri, Kamran [63]
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To identify the effects of body acupuncture on rapid opiate detoxification
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40 Opioid addicts during ROD by naloxone, n = 20 acupuncture
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Bilaterally acupuncture at Hegu (LI4), Neiguan (PC6), Shenmen (HT7), Taichong (LR3), Zusanli (ST36), Baihui (DU20) and Dazhui (DU14) 30 min for 3 days
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Severity of withdrawal reaction (Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment (CINA) score)
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acupuncture reduced the severity of withdrawal symptoms associated with rapid opiate detoxification
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2007
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Liu [55]
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To investigate the activation in the hypothalamus associated with acupuncture stimulation
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Six healthy men and six heroin addicts
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Acupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) with rotation for 11 min
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fMRI, Cortisol level and psychophysical responses, including the deqi sensation, anxiety, and sharp pain
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Acupuncture caused activation of the hypothalamus among addicts
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2009
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Bearn [11]
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To investigate AA effects as an adjunct to MMT upon withdrawal severity or craving
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83 Opioid users under MMT
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Acupuncture at 5 points of cartilage ridge area in the ear, 30–40 min for 14 days
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Daily measures of withdrawal severity and craving using the short opiate withdrawal scale and an eight-item craving questionnaire
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AA had no effect upon withdrawal severity or craving when provided as an adjunct to a standard methadone detoxification treatment
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2010
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Meade [62]
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To evaluate the effectiveness of TEAS as an adjunctive treatment for inpatients receiving opioid detoxification
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48 Men and women under detoxification with buprenorphine-naloxone
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2 and 100 Hz TEAS at Hegu (LI4) and Neiguan (PC6), 30 min daily for 4 days
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The addiction severity index, opioid withdrawal scale, brief pain inventory, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, physical and mental health status by the medical outcomes survey
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TEAS was effective in using drugs and improving the pain interference and physical health
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2011
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Xia [81]
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To investigate the rewarding effect of EA
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68 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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2 Hz EA at Neiguan (PC6) and Zusanli (ST36), 30 min for 5 days
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Conditioned place preference (CPP)
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EA was capable of inducing CPP in the rat via the activation of the endogenous opioid-, cannabinoid- and dopamine-systems
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2011
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Jiang [37]
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To compare the changes of cognitive attention-related brain function before and after EA
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Ten Heroin addicts and ten healthy subjects
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2 Hz bilateral EA at Neiguan (PC6) and Zusanli (ST36)
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ERP at 64 electrode spots before and after EA intervention task on the positive emotional clue (PEG), negative emotional clues (NEC), and heroin-related clue (HRC). The P200 amplitude components on (Fz, Cz, and Pz)
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Electroacupuncture effectively inhibited the attention bias to heroin
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2012
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Cai [17]
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To understand the influence of heroin cue exposure on brain activation
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12 Heroin addicts and 12 healthy subjects
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non-twirled acupuncture and twirled acupuncture at bilateral Zusanli (ST36) for 1 min
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fMRI during heroin cue exposure
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Acupuncture can rapidly suppress the activation of specific brain regions related to craving as an intervention for drug craving
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2012
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Liu [56]
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To investigate the beneficial effects of EA on heroin-seeking behavior
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40 Male Sprague–Dawley rats, n = 10 EA
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2 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), once a day for 14 days during heroin abstinence
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Contextual and discrete cue-induced reinstatement of active responses. Fos-positive nuclei detection in the nucleus accumbens (NACc) core and shell
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acupuncture was effective in preventing relapse to drug addiction
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2013
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Hu [33]
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To investigate the effects of EA on the extinction of heroin-seeking behavior
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18 Male Sprague–Dawley rats, n = 6 EA
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2 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), once a day for 7 days
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The extinction response of heroin associated cues and applied immunohistochemistry to detect FosB-positive nuclei in the nucleus accumbens core
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Acupuncture enhanced extinction learning when combined with extinction therapy for the treatment of heroin addiction
|
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2013
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Lua, Pei Lin [57]
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To find the effects of AA in number of consumed daily cigarettes, relapse rate, and withdrawal symptoms
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40 MMT, 29 MMT + AA human subjects
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Auricular acupuncture at 5 points NADA points, 3 times a week
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Malay HOQOLBREF, withdrawal symptoms
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Acupuncture adjunct to MMT was beneficial in managing addiction behaviors
|
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2013
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Lua, Pei Lin [58]
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To examine the patients’ satisfaction and coping with AA as an adjunct treatment to MMT
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40 MMT, 29 MMT + AA human subjects
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Auricular acupuncture at 5 points NADA points, 3 times a week
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Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care questionnaire (PSPCQ) and Malay brief COPE-27
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Acupuncture adjunct to MMT did not influence patient satisfaction and their coping ways
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2014
|
Chan [22]
|
To examine the effectiveness of acupuncture for heroin addicts on methadone maintenance
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60 Heroin addicts in MMP
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EA at Hegu (LI4), Zusanli (ST36) and Shenmen (HT7), twice a week for 4 weeks
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Daily consumption of methadone, variations in the 36-item Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores, and heroin craving
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Acupuncture adjunct to MMT was useful in reducing the daily dose of methadone and great improvement in sleep latency at follow-up
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2014
|
Hou [32]
|
To observe cell apoptosis in the hippocampus and frontal lobe of heroin readdicted rats by electron microscopy.
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40 Wistar rats during the detoxificstion by methadone
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Acupuncture at Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14), 30 min for 5 successive days
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Morphology of nerve cells, Bax expression and Bcl-2 expression in the frontal cortex and hippocampus
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Acupuncture was effective in preventing brain cell apoptosis in heroin readdicted rats
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2014
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Zhang [88]
|
To verify the relationship between acupuncture, neurotrophic factor expression and brain cell structural changes
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32 Wistar rats, n = 16 acupuncture
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Acupuncture at Baihui (DU20) and Dazhui (DU14) for 30 min, once a day for five consecutive days
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The neuronal ultrastructure of the ventral tegmental area, brain-derived and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the ventral tegmental area
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Acupuncture protected brain neurons against injury in rats with heroin relapse
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