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2000
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Wang [75]
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To observe the effect of peripheral electric stimulation (PES) on morphine-induced Conditioned place preference CPP
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57/82 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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2 and 100 Hz PES at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) for 30 min
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Conditioned place preference
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2 Hz PES could specifically inhibit the expression of morphine-induced CPP
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2003
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Shi [70]
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To examine the effect of 100 Hz peripheral electric stimulation (PES) on the expression of morphine-induced CPP
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48 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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100 Hz PES at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), 30 min a day for 3 days
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Conditioned place preference
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Repeated 100 Hz PES had anti-craving effects by activating supra-segmental δ- and κ-opioid receptors
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2004
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Shi [71]
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To elucidate if preproenkephalin (PPE) and preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNAs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play a role in PES suppressing morphine-induced CPP
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48 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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2 and 100 Hz PES at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), 30 min a day for 3 days
|
Conditioned place preference
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PES suppressed both the expression of morphine-induced CPP and the reinstatement of extinguished CPP
|
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2004
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Cui [27]
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To investigate the effect of EA on the sexual behavior of male rats undergoing morphine withdrawal
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41 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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2 and 100 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), 30 min a day for 7 days
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Total serum testosterone (TST) concentrations
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EA facilitated the recovery of male sexual behavior and increased TST concentrations
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2005
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Kim [41]
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To investigate the effect of acupuncture on repeated morphine-induced changes in extracellular dopamine levels
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31 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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Acupuncture at Shenmen (HT7) for 1 min
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Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and behavioral hyperactivity
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Acupuncture decreased both dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and behavioral hyperactivity
|
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2005
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Liu [54]
|
To evaluate the effect of EA on morphine withdrawal signs and c-Fos expression of the amygdala
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21 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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100 Hz EA at Shenshu (BL23) for 30 min
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Corticosterone levels and behavioral responses during EA stimulation
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EA significantly reduced the signs of morphine withdrawal
|
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2008
|
Chu [25]
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To observe the effect of EA on chronic morphine-induced neuronal morphological changes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
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12 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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2 and 100 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), 30 min for 3 days
|
The rough endoplasmic reticulum, membrane configuration of the nucleus and mitochondria, and structure of myelin sheath
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EA reversed the morphological alterations induced by chronic morphine administration
|
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2009
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Hu [34]
|
To examine alterations in the firing rate of Dopamine neurons in 100 Hz EA treatment
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40 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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100 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), 30 min for 10 days
|
Conditioned place preference
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EA was effective for the treatment of opiate addiction by normalizing the activity of VTA DA neurons
|
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2010
|
Liang [53]
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To find the Role of enkephalin in the nucleus accumbens mediating the effects of EA
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218 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
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2 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), 30 min for 1-3 days
|
Conditioned place preference
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EA up-regulated the mRNA level of preproenkephalin in the NAc
|
|
2010
|
Lee [45]
|
To investigate the effect of acupuncture on morphine-induced behavioral sensitization and the neuronal changes in NAc and striatum
|
14 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
|
Acupuncture at Shenmen (HT7), 1 min for 3 days
|
Morphine-induced changes of locomotor activity and Fos expression
|
acupuncture suppressed the morphine-induced increases in the locomotor activity and Fos expression in the NAc and striatum
|
|
2011
|
Li [48]
|
To observe whether EA could modulate the immune status of morphine dependence and withdrawal mice
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40 Male BALB/c mice
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2 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), 30 min for 5 days
|
Splenic T Lymphocyte Proliferation, IL-2 Production, CD4+/CD8+ Ratio
|
EA raised IL-2 and normalized chronic morphine exposure-induced immune dysfunctions
|
|
2011
|
Li [51]
|
To investigate the effect of 2 and 100 Hz EA of the sleep disturbance during morphine withdrawal
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15 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
|
2 and 100 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), 30 min twice a day for 3 days
|
Electroencephalogram and electromyogram
|
EA decreased NREM/REM and total sleep time, while the sleep latency prolonged significantly during acute morphine withdrawal
|
|
2011
|
Wang [76]
|
To find the optimum protocol for EA effective for alleviating withdrawal syndrome
|
40 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
|
100 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) for 30 min
|
Conditioned place preference
|
EA down-regulated of p-CREB and accelerated of dynorphin synthesis in spinal cord
|
|
2011
|
Xia [81]
|
To investigate whether EA by itself will produce some rewarding effect
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44 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
|
2 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) for 30 min
|
Conditioned place preference
|
EA was capable of inducing CPP in the rat via the activation of the endogenous opioid-, cannabinoid- and dopamine-systems
|
|
2012
|
Lee [47]
|
To investigate the role of acupuncture in the reinstatement of morphine seeking
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15 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
|
Acupuncture, Yanggu (SI5) or Yangxi (LI5) for 1 min
|
Morphine reinstatement
|
acupuncture attenuated the reinstatement of morphine seeking behavior by blocking the GABA receptor antagonists
|
|
2013
|
Lee [46]
|
To investigate whether acupuncture could suppress the reinstatement of morphine-seeking behavior
|
28 Male Sprague–Dawley rats
|
Acupuncture, Yanggu (SI5) or Yangxi (LI5) or Zusanli (ST36) for 1 min
|
Morphine-seeking behavior
|
acupuncture suppressed morphine injection perfectly
|
