Fig. 2

Molecular mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis on NF-κB pathways (—• indicates inhibition/reduction, arrow indicates promotion/stimulation). NF-κB pathways can be suppressed by Rhizoma coptidis at least four ways, including inhibition of the activity of membrane receptors (i.e., TLR4, CD14), inhibition of the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK), inhibition of the degradation of NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), inhibition of activated NF-κB into the nucleus and its binding activity to DNA