Fig. 5
From: Cellular stress response mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis: a systematic review
Molecular mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis on PI3K–Akt pathways (—• indicates inhibition/reduction, arrow indicates promotion/stimulation). By modulating upstream targets (i.e., IRS, PI3K), Rhizoma coptidis increases Akt ser473 phosphorylation. Once Akt is activated, downstream signals (i.e. GSK3β, mTOR, Nrf2) will be stimulated to demonstrate multiple biological effects, including decrease in oxidative stress, inhibition of apoptosis and suppression of inflammation