Phytochemical | Structural formula | Properties | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Gallic acid |
| Inhibits neuronal death; Exerts anti-cancer properties against leukemia, colon and certain prostate cancers, and lung cancer cells; Prevents cellular mutations; Does not affect healthy cells | |
Chebulic acid |
| Free radical scavenging activity in vitro; ferric-reducing antioxidant activity; significantly reduces cell cytotoxicity Promising intervention agent against diabetic vascular complication; | |
Chebulinic acid | Anti-inflammatory activity; Natural inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor-a mediated angiogenesis | ||
Ellagic acid |
| Neuroprotective effect; | |
Tannic acid | Astringent property due to the presence of polyphenolic groups; Used as a treatment for many toxic substances, such as strychnine, mushroom, and ptomaine poisonings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries | ||
Epicatechin | Acts as an antioxidant in high concentration in vitro; Prevents cisplatin-induced apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction | ||
Syringic acid |
| Antibacterial and antioxidant effect | |
Ascorbic acid |
| Reducing agent and scavenger of radicals (sink of radicals); excellent source of electrons, donates electrons to free radicals such as hydroxyl and superoxide and quenches their reactivity |