Traditional medicinal plants used for respiratory disorders in Pakistan: a review of the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological evidence

Alamgeer; Younis, Waqas; Asif, Hira; Sharif, Amber; Riaz, Humayun; Bukhari, Ishfaq Ali; Assiri, Asaad Mohamed

doi:10.1186/s13020-018-0204-y

Table 5 Conservation status of plants

From: Traditional medicinal plants used for respiratory disorders in Pakistan: a review of the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological evidence

Scientific name	Family	Medicinal use	Conservation status	Population trend	Refs.
Abies pindrow Royle	Amaranthaceae	Cough, asthma	Least concern	Stable	[199]
Acacia modesta Wall	Acanthaceae	Cough, asthma	Endangerd	Persistent	[38]
Aconitum chasmanthum	Ranunculaceae	Cough, and asthma	Critically endangered	Decreasing	[200]
Aconitum violaceum	Ranunculaceae	Asthma, cough	Vulnerable	Decreasing	[200]
Alstonia scholaris	Fabaceae	Asthma	Least concern	–	[201]
Arisaema flavum	Berberidaceae	Cough, cold	Rare	Increased	[38]
Arisaema jacquemontii	Asclepiadaceae	Asthma	Rare	Increased	[38]
Artemisia scoparia	Asteraceae	Cough chest problems	Rare	Increased	[38]
Avena sativa	Poaceae	Asthma	Infrequent	Decreasing	[202]
Berberis lyceum	Adiantaceae	Cough	Vulnerable	Increased	[82]
Bergenia ciliate	Apiaceae	Coughs and colds, asthma	Engangerd	Increased	[82]
Bistorta amplexicaulis	Polygonaceae	Flue.	Endangerd	Persistent	[82]
Bunium persicum	Apiaceae	Cold, cough	Rare	Increased	[82]
Celtis australis L.	Ulmaceae	Cough	Engangerd	Persistent	[38]
Cichorium intybus L.	Asteraceae	Asthma and breathing problems	Rare	Increased	[38]
Cupressus sempervirens	Asteraceae	Flu and cold	Least concern	Unknown	[203]
Daucus carota	Moraceae	Asthma, bronchitis	Infrequent	Decreasing	[204]
Desmostachya bipinnata	Nyctaginaceae	Asthma	Least concern	Unknown	[205]
Ephedra gerardiana	Ephedraceae	Asthma/breathing problem	Vulnerable	Increased	[82]
Ephedra intermedia	Rosaceae	Asthma and tuberculosis.	Least concern	Stable	[206]
Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Cough	Least concern	–	[207]
Ficus elastic	Moraceae	Cough, asthma	Rare	Increased	[38]
Ficus palmata	Myrtaceae	Expectorant	Rare	Increase	[38]
Inula grantioides	Asteraceae	Asthma	Rare	Increased	[38]
Juglans regia	Euphorbiaceae	Asthma	Near threatened	Decreasing	[207]
Juniperus excelsa	Cupressaceae	Chest infection	Least concern	Stable	[203]
Lemna minor	Convolvulaceae	Cold	Least concern	Unknown	[208]
Mangifera indica	Capparaceae	Asthma, cough	Infrequent	–	[201]
Mentha longifolia	Labiateae	Cough	Rare	Increased	[82]
Mimosa pudica L.	Lamiaceae	Asthma	Least concern	Stable	[209]
Morus alba L.	Solanaceae	Cough	Vulnerable	Persistent	[38]
Morus nigra L.	Poaceae	Cough	Vulnerable	Persistent	[38]
Olea ferruginea	–	Cough, cold, flue	Endangerd	Persistent	[38]
Opuntia dillenii	Lythraceae	Asthma, whooping cough	Least concern	Stable	[210]
Opuntia monacantha	Caesalpinaceae	Bronchitis and asthma	Least concern	Stable	[211]
Phyla nodiflora	Verbenaceae	Cold	Least concern	Stable	[212]
Pinus roxburghii	Solanaceae	Coughs, cold	Least concern	Stable	[38]
Pistacia integerrima	Rosaceae	Cough, asthma	Vulnerable	Increased	[82]
Plantago lanceolata	Plantaginaceae	Cough and chest diseases	Rare	Increased	[82]
Punica granatum	Punicaceae	Cough	Least concern	–	[207]
Pyrus communis L.	Rosaceae	Cough	Vulnerable	Persistent	[38]
Rhynchosia minima	Mimosaceae	Asthma	Least concern	Stable	[207]
Rubus fruiticosus	Violaceae	Whooping cough	Vulnerable	Persistent	[38]
Salvia nubicola	Labiateae	Cough, asthma	Vulnerable	Persistent	[38]
Thymus linearis	Labiateae	Cough, asthma	Rare	Increased	[82]
Thymus serpyllum L.	Lamiaceae	Whooping cough, asthma	Vulnerable	Persistent	[38]
Verbascum thapsus L.	Scrophulariaceae	Cough	Rare	Persistent	[38]
Viola serpens	Lamiaceae	Lung trouble	Vulnerable	Persistent	[38]
Viola biflora L.	Pteridaceae	Cold and flu	Rare	Increased	[82]
Viola canescens	Violaceae	Cough	Rare	Increased	[82]
Vitis vinifera L.	Rhamnaceae	Bronchitis	Least concern	–	[213]

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ISSN: 1749-8546

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