Comparing the antidiabetic effects and chemical profiles of raw and fermented Chinese Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian decoction by integrating untargeted metabolomics and targeted analysis

Table 1 Effects of HM, GQD and FGQD on FINS, ISI and HOMA-IR of T2DM rats

Group	FINS (mIU/L)	ISI	HOMA-IR
NC	4.92 ± 0.74	− 3.38 ± 0.24	1.33 ± 0.30
DM	9.88 ± 0.58**	− 5.24 ± 0.22**	8.59 ± 1.75**
HM	7.17 ± 0.54^##	− 4.47 ± 0.36^##	3.98 ± 1.07^##
GQD	6.78 ± 0.35^☆☆	− 4.52 ± 0.23^☆☆	4.18 ± 0.95^☆☆
FGQD	5.86 ± 0.55^△△▲▲	− 4.26 ± 0.18^△△	3.20 ± 0.60^△

NC normal control, DM diabetic model, HM metformin hydrochloride, ISI insulin sensitivity index, FINS fast serum insulin, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus
**p < 0.01 DM vs NC; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01 HM vs DM; ^☆☆p < 0.01 GQD vs DM; ^△△p < 0.01 FGQD vs DM; ^▲▲p < 0.01 FGQD vs GQD

ISSN: 1749-8546