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Panax ginseng C.A.Mey
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Asian ginseng
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Araliaceae
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Used for strengthening, nourishing, adjusting blood pressure and restoring heart function, neurasthenia and physical weakness [42]
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Ginsenoside [84]
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Pannax quinquefolius L.
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American ginseng
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Araliaceae
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Used to treat qi and yin deficiency, endogenous heat, kechuan, sputum, asthenic fever, dysphoria, thirst, and dry mouth and throat [42]
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Ginsenoside, etc. [84]
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|
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen
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Notoginseng
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Araliaceae
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Used for dispersing blood stasis and haemostasis and relieving swelling and pain [85]
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Notoginseng saponins, Dencichine, etc. [84]
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Panax japonicus
|
Japanese ginseng
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Araliaceae
|
Used for dispersing blood stasis and haemostasis, relieving swelling and pain, eliminating phlegm and arresting coughing and for tonifying deficiency and strengthening [86]
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Chikusetsusaponin, pseudo ginsenoside F11, Panax japonicus polysaccharide, etc. [86]
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Panax pseudoginseng Wall. var. major (Burkill) H. L. Li
|
Himalayan ginseng
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Araliaceae
|
Used to treat qi and yin deficiency, dysphoria, thirst, asthenia coughing, injuries from falling down, joint pain, haemoptysis, haematemesis and bleeding wounds [86]
|
Majoroside, etc. [86]
|
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Eleutherococcus senticosus
|
Siberian ginseng
|
Araliaceae
|
Used for regulating body disorders, improving the circulatory system, to treat fatigue, for promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis, invigorating the stomach and for diuresis and so on [13, 87]
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Eleutheroside, acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide, etc. [13, 87]
|
|
Withania somnifera
|
Indian ginseng
|
Solanaceae
|
Used for strengthening; nourishing;its anti-ageing, anti-stress, antioxidation, anti-tumor, anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, anti-depression properties; immune regulation; improving cognitive function and so on [19]
|
Withanolides and other steroid esters and withanine and other alkaloids [88]
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Pfaffia paniculata
|
Brazilian ginseng
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Often used as a tonic, to relieve fatigue effectively, improve sexual function, and lower blood pressure, blood sugar and blood lipid levels [89]
|
Pfaffic acid and its glycoside, for example, pfaffosides A–F, and nortiperpene and its glycoside, etc. [86]
|
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Eurycoma longifolia
|
Malaysian ginseng
|
Simaroubaceae
|
Used for its anticancer, anti-malaria properties, improving male sexual dysfunction, sterilizing, lowering blood pressure and treating diabetes [54]
|
Diterpenes with quassinoid skeletons and alkaloids such as canthin-6-one, mainly, biphenyl lignin and squalene derivatives [54]
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Lepidium meyerii
|
Peruvian ginseng
|
Brassicaceae
|
Used as s natural nutrient, for enhancing fertility effectively and for its anti-fatigue properties [90]
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Marca amide, marca alkaloids, etc. [91]
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Talinum paniculatum
|
Folk ginseng
|
Talinaceae
|
Used as a medicinal tonic and for strengthening, nourishing, improving qi, replenishing blood, aiding digestion, promoting fluid production, quenching thirst and treating cough and phlegm containing blood [92]
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Terpenoids, coumarins, volatile oils, and polysaccharides, etc. [93]
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