Application of metabolomics in toxicity evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines

Chinese Medicine

Table 2 The applications of metabolomics in nephrotoxicity evaluation of TCM

TCM	Toxicity	Animals	Samples	Metabolomic technology	Data analysis	Metabolic pathways	References
Aristolochic acid	Nephrotoxicity	Rats	Urine	GC–MS	PCA, PLS-DA	Energy metabolism, gut microbiota, purine metabolism	[60]
Aristolochic acid	Nephrotoxicity	Rats	Urine	LC–MS	OPLS-DA	Tricarboxylic acid cycle, gut microflora metabolism, amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis	[61]
Strychni Semen	Nephrotoxicity	Rats	Serum, urine	¹H NMR	OPLS-DA	Glycolysis, lipid and amino acid metabolism	[64]
Arisaematis Rhizoma	Nephrotoxicity	Rats	Serum, urine	¹H NMR	PLS-DA	Glycolysis–gluconeogenesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, gut microflora metabolism	[66]
Pharbitidis Semen	Nephrotoxicity	Rats	Serum, kidney	LC–MS	PCA	Phospholipids metabolism, amino acid metabolism, sphingolipids biosynthesis and metabolism	[68]
Pharbitidis Semen	Nephrotoxicity	Rats	Urine	LC–MS	PCA	Amino acid metabolism, citric acid cycle, bile acid metabolism	[69]
Alismatis Rhizoma	Chronic nephrotoxicity	Rats	Urine	LC–MS	PCA	Amino acid metabolism, Purine metabolism, bile acid metabolism, sphingolipids metabolism	[71]

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