From: Application of metabolomics in viral pneumonia treatment with traditional Chinese medicine
Altered metabolites | Virus type | Analytical method | Species | Sample material | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perturbed serum metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection  Purine metabolism: Xanthine, Hypoxanthine  Lipid β-oxidation: l-acetylcamitine, Oleoylcamitine, 3-Methylglutarylcarnitine, Pivaloylcarnitine, Hydroxybutyrylcamitine  Sphingolipid metabolism: SM(d18:0/18:1), Glucodylceramide(d18:1/16:0), Sphinganine phosphate, Sphingonine 1-phosphate  Fatty acid synthesis: 3-Oxododecanoic acid, 3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid, 5,8-Tetradecadienoic acid 2-Aminooctanoic acid, vinylacetyglycine, hexanoylglycine  Phospholipid metabolism: LysoPE(20:1), LysoPC(20:3), LysoPE(18:2), LysoPE(20:2)  Tryptophan metabolism: l-kynurenine, 4-(2-Aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid, 3-Indolepropionic acid, Indoleacetic acid, Indoleacrylic acid, Indoxylsulfuric acid  Other metabolic pathways: Tyramine glucuronide, Hippuric acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid, 3-Indole carboxylic acid glucuronide, 12-HETE, 13-HODE, Citric acid, GangliosideA2(D18:1/9Z-18:1), Imidazoleacetic acid, Isohomovanillic acid, Alanylvaline, Tetradecanedioic acid, Pantothenic acid | IFV | LC–MS | Mice | Serum | [58] |
Perturbed lung metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection  Purine metabolism: Guanodine, Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, Succinyladenisine, Xanthine, Deoxyinosine, Adenosine monophosphate, Guanosine monophosphate, Adenosine, Diphosphate, Cyclic AMP  Pyrimidine metabolism: 5-Thymidylic acid, Thymidine, Deoxycytidine monophosphate, Uridine, Deoxucytidine, Uridine monophosphate, Cytidine monophosphate, Uridine diphosphate  Lipid β-oxidation: l-acetylcarnitine, Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, Propionylcamitine, Butenylcarnitine, Hydroxyhexanoycarnitine, 2-Octenoylcarnitine  Sphingolipid metabolism: Sphingosine, Sphinganine  Phospholipid catabolism: PC(44:6), PC(32:1), PC(20:1/p-18:0), PC(34:1), LPE(22:4), LPE(18:0)  Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, GDP-l-fucose, d-mannose-1-phosphate  Dipeptide: Leucyl-aspartate, Leucyl-glycine, Glycyl-tyrosine, Leucyl-proline, Glycyl-phenylalanine  Other metabolic pathways: Tyrosine, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, Phenylalanine, l-kynurenine, l-leucine, Pyruvic acid, N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid, l-2-aminoadipic acid, l-methionine, MG(22:6), N-acetylneuraminic acid, Pantothenic acid, Tetrahydroxyperin, S-lactoylglutathione, Taurine, Glutaconic acid | IFV | LC–MS | Mice | Lung | [58] |
Perturbed BALF metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection  Purine metabolism: Xanthine, Hypoxanthine, Inosine, Guanosine, Cyclic AMP  Pyrimidine metabolism: Uric acis, Deoxycytidine, Cytidine, Uridine, Uracil  Fatty acid synthesis: 3-Oxotetradecanoic acid, Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, Octadecanedioic acid, Arachidonic acid, Linoleic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid, Tetracosahexaenoic acid, Glutathione metabolism: Oxidized glutathione, Glutathione  Fatty acid metabolism: Eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide, Palmitoleoyl ethanolamide  Lipid β-oxidation: Hydroxymyristoylcarnitine, Palmitoylcarnitine, Oleoylcarnitine, l-carnitine, Linoelaidylcarnitine, etc.  Phospholipid catabolism: LysoPC(16:1),LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(20:4), LysoPC(14:0), LysoPC(18:3), LysoPC(20:5), LysoPC(14:1), LysoPE(14:1), LysoPE(22:6), LysoPE(20:4), LysoPE(16:0)  Glycerolipid metabolism: MG (22:4), MG(18:4), MG(24:6), Glycerophosphocholine  Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism: Bilirubin, Biliyerdine  Sphingolipid metabolism: Sphingosine, SM (34:1)  Phenylalanine metabolism: Phenylalanine, Axetyl-phenylanaline, Hippuric acid  Tryptophan metabolism: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, Tryptophan, Indolelactic, 3-Indolepropionic acid  Other metabolic pathways: 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid, Acety-l-leucine, l-leucine, l-valine, Corticosteronr, 3-Furoic acid, Glutaminyl-aspatate, Methionyl-proline | IFV | LC–MS | Mice | BALF | [58] |
 Upregulate: Acetoacetate, Beta-alanine, Formate, Dimethylamine, Carnitine, Glycine, Gulonic acid, Pentadecane, 2-Amino butanoic acid, Alkane, Quinic acid, Benzoic acid  Downregulate: Citrate, Fumarate, 3-Methyl, 2-Isovalerate, Alanine, Tyrosine, Methionine, Histidine, 4-Hydroxybutyrate, Uric acid, Tyrosine, Citric acid, Asparagine, Myoinositol, Lysine, Arabinonic acid, Threonine, Aspartic acid, Threonic acid | H1N1 | 1H–NMR GC–MS | Human | Plasma | [45] |
 Upregulate: N-acetylglucosamine–N-acetylgalactosamine, Mevalonolactone, Cystine, Palmiticamide, Caprate (10:0), Laurate (12:0), 2-methylcitratehomocitrate, Diglycerol, Beta-hydroxyisovalerate, Pregnen-dioldisulfate | RSV | UPLC-MS | Human | NPA | [57] |
 Upregulate: N-acetylthreonine, N-acetyltyrosine, N6-acetyllysine, Adenine, Azelate (nonanedioate), N-acetylvaline, N-acetylleucine, Glucoronate, N-acetylphenylalanine, N-acetylisoleucine, 1-Stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPE(18:0/18:2), N-acetyltaurine, sulfate, Glycerol, N-acetylglutamate, 4-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate, Glycerol 3-phosphate, N-formyl-phenylalanine, Gluconate, N-acetylarginine, Folate | RV | UPLC-MS | Human | NPA | [57] |
 Upregulate: Kanzonol I, Alkaloid A6, Beta-d-glucopyranuronic acid, Protoporphyrinogen IX  Downregulate: LysoPC(16:0), LPA(18:1/0:0), LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(18:1) Palmitic acid, Hydroxyisocaproic acid, Phytanic acid, Erucic acid, Behenic acid, Palmitic amide, Phytal, Caproylcholine, (9S,10S)-10-Hydroxy-9-octadecanoate, 1-Octen-3-yl glucoside, N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-Dihydroxyoctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl] Hexadecanamide, Methyl (9Z)-8′-Oxo-6,8′-diapo-6-carotenoate, and Methyl (9Z)-6′-oxo-6,6′-Diapo-6-carotenoate | H7N9 | UPLC-MS | Human | Serum | [9] |