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Table 1 Biomarker of viral pneumonia detected by different analytical methods

From: Application of metabolomics in viral pneumonia treatment with traditional Chinese medicine

Altered metabolites

Virus type

Analytical method

Species

Sample material

References

Perturbed serum metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection

 Purine metabolism: Xanthine, Hypoxanthine

 Lipid β-oxidation: l-acetylcamitine, Oleoylcamitine, 3-Methylglutarylcarnitine, Pivaloylcarnitine, Hydroxybutyrylcamitine

 Sphingolipid metabolism: SM(d18:0/18:1), Glucodylceramide(d18:1/16:0), Sphinganine phosphate, Sphingonine 1-phosphate

 Fatty acid synthesis: 3-Oxododecanoic acid, 3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid, 5,8-Tetradecadienoic acid

2-Aminooctanoic acid, vinylacetyglycine, hexanoylglycine

 Phospholipid metabolism: LysoPE(20:1), LysoPC(20:3), LysoPE(18:2), LysoPE(20:2)

 Tryptophan metabolism: l-kynurenine, 4-(2-Aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid, 3-Indolepropionic acid, Indoleacetic acid, Indoleacrylic acid, Indoxylsulfuric acid

 Other metabolic pathways: Tyramine glucuronide, Hippuric acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid, 3-Indole carboxylic acid glucuronide, 12-HETE, 13-HODE, Citric acid, GangliosideA2(D18:1/9Z-18:1), Imidazoleacetic acid, Isohomovanillic acid, Alanylvaline, Tetradecanedioic acid, Pantothenic acid

IFV

LC–MS

Mice

Serum

[58]

Perturbed lung metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection

 Purine metabolism: Guanodine, Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, Succinyladenisine, Xanthine, Deoxyinosine, Adenosine monophosphate, Guanosine monophosphate, Adenosine, Diphosphate, Cyclic AMP

 Pyrimidine metabolism: 5-Thymidylic acid, Thymidine, Deoxycytidine monophosphate, Uridine, Deoxucytidine, Uridine monophosphate, Cytidine monophosphate, Uridine diphosphate

 Lipid β-oxidation: l-acetylcarnitine, Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, Propionylcamitine, Butenylcarnitine, Hydroxyhexanoycarnitine, 2-Octenoylcarnitine

 Sphingolipid metabolism: Sphingosine, Sphinganine

 Phospholipid catabolism: PC(44:6), PC(32:1), PC(20:1/p-18:0), PC(34:1), LPE(22:4), LPE(18:0)

 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, GDP-l-fucose, d-mannose-1-phosphate

 Dipeptide: Leucyl-aspartate, Leucyl-glycine, Glycyl-tyrosine, Leucyl-proline, Glycyl-phenylalanine

 Other metabolic pathways: Tyrosine, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, Phenylalanine, l-kynurenine, l-leucine, Pyruvic acid, N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid, l-2-aminoadipic acid, l-methionine, MG(22:6), N-acetylneuraminic acid, Pantothenic acid, Tetrahydroxyperin, S-lactoylglutathione, Taurine, Glutaconic acid

IFV

LC–MS

Mice

Lung

[58]

Perturbed BALF metabolites at 0, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection

 Purine metabolism: Xanthine, Hypoxanthine, Inosine, Guanosine, Cyclic AMP

 Pyrimidine metabolism: Uric acis, Deoxycytidine, Cytidine, Uridine, Uracil

 Fatty acid synthesis: 3-Oxotetradecanoic acid, Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, Octadecanedioic acid, Arachidonic acid, Linoleic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid, Tetracosahexaenoic acid, Glutathione metabolism: Oxidized glutathione, Glutathione

 Fatty acid metabolism: Eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide, Palmitoleoyl ethanolamide

 Lipid β-oxidation: Hydroxymyristoylcarnitine, Palmitoylcarnitine, Oleoylcarnitine, l-carnitine, Linoelaidylcarnitine, etc.

 Phospholipid catabolism: LysoPC(16:1),LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(20:4), LysoPC(14:0), LysoPC(18:3), LysoPC(20:5), LysoPC(14:1), LysoPE(14:1), LysoPE(22:6), LysoPE(20:4), LysoPE(16:0)

 Glycerolipid metabolism: MG (22:4), MG(18:4), MG(24:6), Glycerophosphocholine

 Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism: Bilirubin, Biliyerdine

 Sphingolipid metabolism: Sphingosine, SM (34:1)

 Phenylalanine metabolism: Phenylalanine, Axetyl-phenylanaline, Hippuric acid

 Tryptophan metabolism: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, Tryptophan, Indolelactic, 3-Indolepropionic acid

 Other metabolic pathways: 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid, Acety-l-leucine, l-leucine, l-valine, Corticosteronr, 3-Furoic acid, Glutaminyl-aspatate, Methionyl-proline

IFV

LC–MS

Mice

BALF

[58]

 Upregulate: Acetoacetate, Beta-alanine, Formate, Dimethylamine, Carnitine, Glycine, Gulonic acid, Pentadecane, 2-Amino butanoic acid, Alkane, Quinic acid, Benzoic acid

 Downregulate: Citrate, Fumarate, 3-Methyl, 2-Isovalerate, Alanine, Tyrosine, Methionine, Histidine, 4-Hydroxybutyrate, Uric acid, Tyrosine, Citric acid, Asparagine, Myoinositol, Lysine, Arabinonic acid, Threonine, Aspartic acid, Threonic acid

H1N1

1H–NMR GC–MS

Human

Plasma

[45]

 Upregulate: N-acetylglucosamine–N-acetylgalactosamine, Mevalonolactone, Cystine, Palmiticamide, Caprate (10:0), Laurate (12:0), 2-methylcitratehomocitrate, Diglycerol, Beta-hydroxyisovalerate, Pregnen-dioldisulfate

RSV

UPLC-MS

Human

NPA

[57]

 Upregulate: N-acetylthreonine, N-acetyltyrosine, N6-acetyllysine, Adenine, Azelate (nonanedioate), N-acetylvaline, N-acetylleucine, Glucoronate, N-acetylphenylalanine, N-acetylisoleucine, 1-Stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPE(18:0/18:2), N-acetyltaurine, sulfate, Glycerol, N-acetylglutamate, 4-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate, Glycerol 3-phosphate, N-formyl-phenylalanine, Gluconate, N-acetylarginine, Folate

RV

UPLC-MS

Human

NPA

[57]

 Upregulate: Kanzonol I, Alkaloid A6, Beta-d-glucopyranuronic acid, Protoporphyrinogen IX

 Downregulate: LysoPC(16:0), LPA(18:1/0:0), LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(18:1) Palmitic acid, Hydroxyisocaproic acid, Phytanic acid, Erucic acid, Behenic acid, Palmitic amide, Phytal, Caproylcholine, (9S,10S)-10-Hydroxy-9-octadecanoate, 1-Octen-3-yl glucoside, N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-Dihydroxyoctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl] Hexadecanamide, Methyl (9Z)-8′-Oxo-6,8′-diapo-6-carotenoate, and Methyl (9Z)-6′-oxo-6,6′-Diapo-6-carotenoate

H7N9

UPLC-MS

Human

Serum

[9]

  1. NPA, nasopharyngeal aspirate; UPLC-MS, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; 1H-NMR, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; GC–MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC–MS: liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; TG, triglyceride; LysoPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamines; LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholines; PE; phosphatidylethanolamines; PC, phosphatidylcholines