From: Developing natural products as potential anti-biofilm agents
Studies | Condition | Intervention | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized controlled clinical trials | Denture wearers with denture stomatitis (n = 64) | Control, 0.85% saline SH1, 0.25% sodium hypochlorite SH2, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite RC, 10% Ricinus communis | Ricinus communis showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and Candida spp. | [90] |
A randomized crossover clinical trial | Denture wearers with denture stomatitis (n = 50) | Control, 0.85% saline SH1, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite SH2, 0.2% sodium hypochlorite RC, 8% Ricinus communis | Ricinus communis alleviated the symptom of denture stomatitis, however anti-biofilm effect was not evident | [91] |
Randomized controlled trials | Dental plaque (n = 14) | Control, 0.12% chlorhexidine Test formulation containing 0.25 g/ml green tea and 7.82 g/ml Salvadora persica L. aqueous extracts Placebo mouthwashes | The test mouthwash significantly has positive effect on disrupting plaque colonization when compared with placebo and control group for short time treatment (24 h) | [92] |
Randomized, double-blind controlled study | Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (n = 30) | C: Placebo T1: mouthwash containing 1% Matricaria chamomilla L. (MTC) extract T2: 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) | MIC could suppress biofilm development and gingival bleeding | [93] |
Randomized controlled clinical trials | Patients with moderate chronic periodontitis after scaling and root planing (SRP) (n = 46) | Placebo mouthwashes (n = 23) Essential oil mouthwash consisting of essential oils (Cymbopogon flexuosus, Thymus zygis and Rosmarinus officinalis) (n = 23) | The combined use of a mouthwash containing essential oils following SRP was well tolerated and had anti-biofilm effect in the subgingival for 14-day treatment | [94] |
Randomized double-blind clinical study | Oral malodour (n = 20) | Lemongrass oil (LG) mouthrinse | LG mouthwash showed selective anti-bacteria effect against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC43718 and Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 and could reduce oral malodour for 8-day treatment | [95] |
Randomized controlled trials | Orthodontic patients (n = 34) | Melaleuca gel: Gel developed with the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Colgate total | The melaleuca gel was more effective in decreasing the dental biofilm and the numbers of bacteria colonies | [96] |
Randomized controlled trials | Caries and periodontal diseases (n = 30) | G1: A commercially available dentifrice G2: Dentifrice containing mineral oil (Nujol®) G3.: Dentifrice containing vegetable oil (Alpha Care®) | Both mineral oil and vegetable group exhibited improved biofilm control and could significantly decrease dental biofilm formation in clinical | [97] |
Randomized controlled trials | Patients with subclinical or uncomplicated recurrent UTI (r-UTI) (n = 72) | Placebo (n = 36) Cranberry extract (PAC-A, proanthocyanidin-A) (n = 36) | The overall efficacy and tolerability of standardized cranberry extract containing (PAC-A) as a food supplement were superior to placebo in terms of reduced bacterial adhesion; biofilm development; urine pH reduction; and in preventing r-UTI (dysuria, bacteriuria and pyuria) | [98] |
Single-blinded, randomized and controlled pilot study | Patients with indwelling urinary catheters (n = 83) | Control (n = 35) CISTIMEV PLUS®: Solidago, orthosiphon, birch and cranberry extracts (n = 48) | CISTIMEV PLUS® significantly reduced microbial accumulation in patients | [99] |
A pilot randomized controlled trial | P. aeruginosa related lung cystic fibrosis (n = 34) | Placebo group Garlic or olive oil treatment group | Both garlic and olive oil capsules were tolerated, but no significant effect was found in antibacterial activities | [100] |