Table 2 Chemical analysis of P. heterophylla

Pseudostellarin A, C, D, and G

HPLC–ESI–MSn

[25]

Pseudostellarin A, B, C, D, E, G

HPLC-APCI (atmospheric pressure chemical ionization)-MS

[67]

Pseudostellarin A, B, E, F, G, Heterophyllin A, B, D

UPLC-triple TOF–MS/MS; UPLC-ESI-TOF MS/MS

[64, 68, 69]

Maltotriose, sucrose, thyronine, inosine triphosphate, pseudostellarin A, B, D, F, heterophyllin A and sphinganine etc.

UPLC-triple TOF–MS/MS

[44,45,46]

21 compounds

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple time-of-flight mass/mass spectrometry (UPLC-triple TOF–MS/MS)

[70]

34 components (heterophyllin A and B, alanine, lactate, lysine, taurine, sucrose, tyrosine, linolenic acid, γ-aminobutyrate, glutamine, raffinose, xylose etc.)

1H-NMR-based metabolomics coupled with HPLC

[47]

Free amino acid

NIR

[71]

Nucleosides and nucleobases

QTRAP LC–MS/MS

[55,56,57, 72]

Volatile components: palmitic acid (21.37%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid ethylester (16.98%), trans-oleic acid (5.94%), chondrillasterol (3.99%), stigmast-7-en-3-ol (3.92%), 5,6-dihydroergosterol(2.48%), 1-monolinolein (2.35%)

GC–MS

[73]

Polysaccharide

High-performance size-exclusion chromatograph (HPSEC)

[74]

Water-soluble sugar

Phenol–sulfuric acid

[75]

Fingerprint

HPLC

[16, 37, 58,59,60, 76,77,78]

Fingerprint

GC–MS

[79]