Table 1 Fecal medicines used in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) system

1

Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards

Dry feces

Wu-Ling-Zhi

Stabbing pain in chest and abdomen, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, swelling and aching due to traumatic injury, and snake bites

[5, 8, 52]

2

Bombyx mori L.

Dry feces

Can-Sha

Rheumatism, arthralgia, skin numbness, cold pain in waist and legs, rubella itching, and headache

[3, 52]

3

Vespertilio superans Thomas

Dry feces

Ye-Ming-Sha

Night blindness, swelling and pain in the eyes, infantile malnutrition, scrofula, and malaria

[5, 53]

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Schreber

Plecotus auritus L.

Hipposideros armiger Hodgson

4

Lepus mandschuricus Radde

Dry feces

Wang-Yue-Sha

Blurred vision, hemorrhoids and fistula, and infantile malnutrition

[52, 54, 55]

Lepus sinensis Gray

Lepus oiostolus Hodgson

5

Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson

Dry feces

Ji-Shi-Bai

Jaundice, gonorrhea, wandering arthritis, tetanus, spasm of muscles and tendons, and diabetes

[3, 56]

6

Rattus flavipectus Milne-Edwards

Dry feces

Liang-Tou-Jian

Fever due to typhoid, abdominal pain, stranguria with turbid urine, amenorrhea, infantile malnutrition, mammary abscess, and furuncle

[56,57,58]

Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout

7

Columba livia domestica L.

Dry feces

Zuo-Pan-Long

Abdominal mass, scrofula and tetanus

[3, 57]

8

Physeter macrocephalus L.

Dry feces

Long-Xian-Xiang

Coma due to stuffiness, abdominal pain, cough and dyspnea, and gonorrhea

[52, 56]

9

Passer montanus L.

Dry feces

Bai-Ding-Xiang

Abdominal mass, carbuncle and furuncle, blurred vision, pterygium, and dental caries

[55, 56, 58]

10

Homo sapiens

Fresh fecal juice

Yellow soup or Huang-Long decoction

Food poisoning, severe diarrhea, heat toxin, and unconsciousness due to high fever

[1, 3]

11

Hirundo daurica L.

Dry feces

Yan-Zi-Fen

Edema, malaria, insect poison, ulcer and sore

[3, 56]

12

Pavo muticus L.

Dry feces

Kong-Que-Fen

Excessive leucorrhea in women, dysuria and furuncle

[3, 56]

13

Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin

Fresh fecal juice or dry feces

Niu-Fen

Fresh fecal juice can cure jaundice caused by diabetes, beriberi, cholera, and dysuria; dry feces can treat malignant sore, cervical lymph node and tuberculosis fistula

[3, 56]

Bubalus bubalis L.

14

Ochotona thibetana Milne-Edwards

Dry feces

Cao-Ling-Zhi

Irregular menstruation, stagnant abdominal pain, stomach pain, traumatic injury, and blood stasis

[56, 57]

Ochotona erythrotis Buchner