Table 4 Basic pharmacological data of commonly used fecal medicines mentioned in the article
Name | Type of extract | Animal or cell | N | Dose | Minimal active concentration | In vitro/In vivo | Positive control | Negative control | Duration | Effect and mechanism | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wu-Ling-Zhi | Ethyl acetate extract | Rats | 8 | 15–120 mg/kg | 15 mg/kg | In vivo | Ranitidine | Normal saline | 12 h | Inhibiting gastric acid secretion and protecting gastric mucosa | [86] |
Ethyl acetate extract | Rats | 10 | 200–800 mg/kg | 400 mg/kg | In vivo | Aspirin | Normal saline | 30 min | Inhibiting the synthesis or release of prostaglandin E (PGE) | [25] | |
Ethanol extract | MCF-7 cells | 5 | 25–400 μg/ml | 100 μg/ml | In vitro | – | DMSO | 24 h | Increasing the expression levels of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 | [29] | |
Ethyl acetate extract | Rabbits | 3 | 0.62–1.04 mg/ml | 0.78 mg/ml | In vitro | Aspirin | DMSO; 60% ethanol; PBS | 10 min | Significant prolongation of thrombin time | [87] | |
Water extract | Rabbits | 5 | 30.8–616 μg/kg | 56,225 μg/kg | In vitro | – | Normal saline | 10–15 min | Significant increase of cAMP level in platelets | [88] | |
Water extract | Rats | 7 | 200–300 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | In vivo | - | Normal saline | 20 min | |||
Water extract | Rats | 8 | 20–60 mg/kg | 60 mg/kg | In vivo | Ligustrazine | Normal saline | 7 days | Significant reduction of MDA and IL1-β levels; increasing SOD activity | [89] | |
Water extract | Mice and rats | 10 | 5–10 g/kg | 5 g/kg | In vivo | Nimodipine | Normal saline | – | Reducing the brain water content, brain index and MDA level, and increasing SOD activity | [27] | |
Water extract | Rats | 15 | 2.5–10 g/kg | 2.5 g/kg | In vivo | – | Normal saline | 6 week | Down-regulation of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in experimental atherosclerotic rats and reducing the degree of vascular endothelial lesions | [28] | |
Hei-Bing-Pian | Aqueous solution | Rats | 8 | 0.5–2 g/kg | 0.5 g/kg | In vivo | Hydrocortisone acetate | – | 10 days | Increasing the expression of SOD and GSH, and reducing the expression of NO and MDA | [40] |
Aqueous solution | Rabbits | 2 | 0.01–0.2 g/ml | – | In vitro | – | Tyrode’s solution | 30 min | Regulating the cholinergic M receptor and histamine receptor | [41] | |
Rats | 6 | 0.05–0.1 g/kg | – | In vivo | – | – | 30 min | ||||
Aqueous solution | Rats | 8 | 1–5 g/kg | 5 g/kg | In vivo | Domperidone | Normal saline | 30 min | Accelerating the rate of gastric emptying, promoting gastrointestinal peristalsis and protecting gastric mucosa | [42] | |
Mice | 10 | 1–5 g/kg | 5 g/kg | In vivo | Domperidone | Normal saline | 30 min | ||||
Rats | 8 | 1–5 g/kg | 5 g/kg | In vivo | Kuai-Wei tablets | Normal saline | 15 days | ||||
0.5% CMC-Na solution | Rats | 20 | 4–12 g/kg | – | In vivo | – | Distilled water | 12 w | No toxicity was observed after long-term administration | [43] |