Fig. 1

Effects of JSD on the physiological changes in DN mice. a Experimental design of the DN mouse model. The mice were allowed to adapt for 1 week (− 1 W to 0 W). STZ at 100 mg/kg of body weight was injected (i.p.) once per day for 3 consecutive days to induce DN (0 W to 1 W). JSD (100 and 500 mg/kg) and metformin (250 mg/kg) were orally administered to the assigned groups for 4 weeks (1 W to 5 W). Body weight, food and water intake and fasting blood glucose level were measured once per week. All mice were sacrificed at the end of 5 W, and blood and tissues were collected for further analysis. b Effects of JSD on the physiological changes in DN mice. Normal, normal group; Control, STZ-induced DN control group; JSD-100, 100 mg/kg JSD-administered group; JSD-500, 500 mg/kg JSD-administered group; and Met-250, 250 mg/kg metformin-administered group. Data are expressed as the mean ± S.D. (n = 7 per group); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, the control group vs. the normal group (a) and the JSD-100, JSD-500 and Met-250 groups vs. the control group (b)