Table 1 Role and mechanism of ginsenosides in promoting osteoblast-related cell proliferation

1. Ginsenoside Rb1

Human adipose stem cells (hADSCs)

MTT assay

0.5 μmol/L Rb1 can significantly promote the proliferation of hADSCs, 6.0 μmol/L Rb1 has a significant inhibitory effect on proliferation

No

[53]

2. Ginsenoside Rb2

MC3T3-E1 cells

MTT assay

0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L Rb2 is non-toxic to cells and can inhibit cytotoxicity caused by H₂O₂ at 1 mM.

No

[54]

3. Ginsenoside Rg1

BMSC

CCK8

0.1, 1, 10 μg/mL Rg1 induced cell proliferation, the highest stimulation was in the 1 μg/mL group.

No

[55]

Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs)

MTT assay

100 nmol/L to 10 μmol/L Rg1 can promote cell proliferation, and 100 μmol/L is cytotoxic.

Yes (100 nmol/L–10 μmol/L)

[56]

Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs)

MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis

Rg1 can promote cell proliferation, especially in the 5 μmol/L group.

Yes (0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L)

Cells in S phase increased and cells in G0/G1 phase decreased

[57]

Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs)

[³H]-thymidine incorporation assay, flow cytometry analysis and gene expression profile microarray analysis

Rg1 can promote cell proliferation, especially in the 5 μmol/L group

Yes (0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L)

Cells in S phase increased and cells in G0/G1 phase decreased

[58]

4. Ginsenoside Rh1

MC3T3-E1 cells

MTT assay

Rh1 can promote cell proliferation

Yes (1–300 μmol/L)

[59]

5. Ginsenoside Rg5:Rk1

MC3T3-E1 cells

MTT assay

Rg5:Rk1 can promote cell proliferation

Yes (1–50 μg/mL)

[60]