Table 1 Comparison of herbal drugs with different botanical source and/or medicinal parts in European Pharmacopoeia and Chinese Pharmacopoeia

Traditional Chinese medicines in both EP and ChP

 Akebiae Caulis

Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. or Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) Koidz. or mixture of the 2 species

Stem

Akebiae Caulis

Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne., Akebia trifoLiata (Thunb.)Koidz., or Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. var. australis (Diels) Rehd.

Lianoid stem

 Amomi Fructus

Amomum villosum Lour. or Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu

Ripe fruit

Amomi Fructus

Amomum villosum Lour., Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen or Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu

Ripe fruit

 Andrographis Herba

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees.

Flowering and/or fruit-bearing aerial parts

Andrographis Herba

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees

Aerial part

 Angelicae Dahuricae Radix

Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Franch. & Sav.

Root

Angelicae Dahuricae Radix

Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook. f. or Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook. f. var. formosana (Boiss.) Shan et Yuan

Root

 Astragali Mongholici Radix

Astragalus mongholicus Bunge

Root

Astragali Radix

Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.

Root

 Clematidis Armandii Caulis

Clematis armandii Franch.

Stem

Clematidis Armandii Caulis

Clematis armandii Franch. or Clematis montana Buch.-Ham.

Lianoid stem

 Codonopsis Radix

Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.

Root

Codonopsis Radix

Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T.Shen or Codonopsis tangshen Oliv.

Root

 Ephedrae Herba

Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey. or Ephedra equisetina Bunge

Aerial parts

Ephedrae Herba

Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A. Mey. or Ephedra equisetina Bge.

Herbaceous stem

 Fraxini Chinensis Cortex

Fraxinus chinensis subsp. rhynchophylla (Hance) A.E.Murray (syn. Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance)

Branch or trunk bark

Fraxini Cortex

Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance, Fraxinus chinensis Roxb, Fraxinus szaboana Lingelsh. or Fraxinus stylosa Lingelsh.

Branch or stem bark

 Magnoliae Biondii Flos Immaturus

Magnolia biondii Pamp. (syn. Yulania biondii (Pamp.) D.L.Fu)

Flower bud

Magnoliae Flos

Magnolia biondii Pamp., Magnolia denudata Desr. or Magnolia sprengeri Pamp.

Flower bud

 Magnoliae officinalis cortex

Magnolia officinalis Rehder. et E.H. Wilson.

Stem and branch bark

Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex

Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. or Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. biloba Rehd. et Wils.

Stem bark

 Magnoliae officinalis flos

Magnolia officinalis Rehder et E.H. Wilson.

Unopened flower

Magnoliae Officinalis Flos

Magnolia officinalis Reld. et Wils. or Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. biloba Rehd. et Wils.

Flower bud

 Notoginseng Radix

Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen [Panax pseudoginseng var. notoginseng (Burkill) G.Hoo and C.L.Tseng]

Root

Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma

Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen

Root and rhizome

 Piperis Longi Fructus

Piper longum L. or Piper retrofractum Vahl (syn. P. chaba Hunter and P. officinarum (Miq.) C. DC.) or a mixture of both species

Ripe or nearly ripe fruiting spikes

Piperis Longi Fructus

Piper longum L.

Ripe or nearly ripe fruit-spike

 Sanguisorbae Radix

Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Underground parts

Sanguisorbae Radix

Sanguisorba officinalis L. or Sanguisorba officinalis L. var. longifolia (Bert.) Yu et Li

Root

 Uncariae Rhynchophyllae Ramulus cum Uncis

Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil.

Branch or stem with hooks

Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis

Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks., Uncaria macrophylla Wall., Uncaria hirsuta Havil., Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil., Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb.

Hook-bearing branch

 Zanthoxyli Bungeani Pericarpium

Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.

Pericarp of the ripe fruit

Zanthoxyli Pericarpium

Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc. or Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.

Pericarp of the ripe fruit

Other herbal drugs in both EP and ChP

 Belladonnae Folium

Atropa belladonna L.

Leaf and flowering tops

Belladonnae Herba

Atropa belladonna L.

Herb

 Centellae Asiaticae Herba

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Aerial parts

Centellae Herba

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Herb

 Chelidonii Herba

Chelidonium majus L.

Flowering aerial parts

Chelidonii Herba

Chelidonium majus L.

Herb

 Eleutherococci Radix

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim.

Underground organs

Acanthopanacis Senticosi Radix et Rhizoma seu Caulis

Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms

Root, rhizome or stem

 Ginseng Radix

Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

Root

Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma

Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

Root and rhizome

 Hyperici Herba

Hypericum perforatum L.

Flowering tops

Hyperici Perforati Herba

Hypericum perforatum L.

Flowering aerial parts

 Liquiritiae Radix

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and/or Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and/or Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

Root and stolons

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Root and rhizome

 Polygalae Radix

Polygala senega L. or Polygala tenuifolia Willd.

Root and/or root crown

Polygalae Radix

Polygala tenuifolia Willd. or Polygala sibirica L.

Root

 Polygoni Avicularis Herba

Polygonum aviculare L. s.l.

Flowering aerial parts

Polygoni Avicularis Herba

Polygonum aviculare L.

Aerial parts

 Rhei Radix

Rheum palmatum L. or Rheum officinale Baillon or hybrids of these two species or of a mixture

Underground parts

Rhei Radix et Rhizoma

Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf., or Rheum officinale Baill.

Root and rhizome

 Taraxaci Officinalis Herba cum Radice

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.

Aerial and underground parts

Taraxaci Herba

Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz., Taraxacum borealisinense Kitam. or several other species of the same genus

Herb