Table 1 The main biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease

Aβ42^a

Decreased in CSF and plasma

Used clinically especially in early stage

[52]

Aβ40

Both Aβ40 alone and the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 decreased in CSF and plasma

The ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 used in research

[53]

Aβ38

Both Aβ38 alone and the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ38 decreased in CSF and plasma

The ratio of Aβ42/Aβ38 used in research

[54]

T-tau^a

Increased in CSF and plasma

T-tau used in clinic and the ratio of T-tau/Aβ42 used in research

[55]

P-tau^a

Increased in CSF and plasma

P-tau used in clinic and the ratio of P-tau/Aβ42 used in research

[56]

BACE1

Increased in CSF and plasma

Used widely in research

[57]

hFABP

Increased in CSF

Used widely in research

[58]

TREM2

Increased in CSF TREM2 mRNA increased in blood

Used widely in research

[59]

YKL-40

Increased in CSF

Used widely in research

[60]

SNAP-25

Increased in CSF

Used widely in research

[61]

TDP-43

Increased in CSF and plasma

Used widely in research

[62]

VILIP-1

Increased insignificantly in CSF

Used in disease progression research

[63]

NF-L

Increased in CSF

Used widely in research

[64]

Neurogranin

Increased in CSF

Neurogranin and N/BACE1 ratio used in research

[65, 66]

AD7c-NTP

Increased in urine

Rarely used in research

[49, 50, 67]

24S-OH-Chol

Increased in plasma

Used widely in research

[68]

AAT

Increased in plasma

Used widely in research

[69]

F2-isoprostanes

Increased in CSF

Used in disease progression research

[70]