Category | Example | Extraction method | Pharmacological mechanism in AD | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Piperidine alkaloids | Piperine | Methanol extraction | Reduce GSH, MDA | [74] |
Isoquinoline alkaloid | BBR | Water decoction | Inhibits AChE, BChE activity and β-secretase | [75] |
Indole alkaloids | Evo | Hot water reflux extraction | Inhibits AChE | [76] |
Terpenoids alkaloids | Voacangine | 90% ethanol reflux extraction | Inhibits AChE | [77] |
Steroidal alkaloids | Conessine | 90% ethanol extraction | Inhibits AChE and the activation of NF-κB | [78] |
Corynoxine | 70% ethanol reflux extraction | Reduce Ca2+ overload and tau protein hyperphosphorylation | [79] | |
Other alkaloids | Caffeine | Ethanol extraction | Reduce caspase-3 and β-secretase | [80] |
Isorhynchophylline | 70% ethanol reflux extraction | Down-regulate GSK-3β activity and activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway |