Applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. and its probably potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19: a review

Song, Jia-Wen; Long, Jia-Ying; Xie, Long; Zhang, Lin-Lin; Xie, Qing-Xuan; Chen, Hui-Juan; Deng, Mao; Li, Xiao-Fang

doi:10.1186/s13020-020-00384-0

Table 1 The components of SB

From: Applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. and its probably potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19: a review

No.	Name	Molecular formula	Weight	Plant part	Ref.
1	Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone)	C₁₅H₁₀O₅	270	Root Hairy Root	[37]
2	Methoxybaicalein (5,6-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone)	C₁₆H₁₂O₅	284	Root	[117]
3	Scutellarein (5,6,7,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavone)	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	286	Root	[39]
4	5,6,7-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone	C₁₆H₁₂O₆	300	Aerial part	[38]
5	Oroxylin A (5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone)	C₁₆H₁₂O₅	284	Root	[37]
6	Tenaxin II (5,7,2′-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone)	C₁₆H₁₂O₆	300	Root	[38]
7	5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone	C₁₆H₁₂O₆	300	Aerial part	[38]
8	5,7-Dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavone	C₁₇H₁₄O₆	314	Root	[38]
9	5,7,2′-Trihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavone	C₁₇H₁₄O₇	330	Root	[38]
10	5,8-Dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone	C₁₇H₁₄O₆	314	Root	[38]
11	5,8,2′-Trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone	C₁₇H₁₄O₇	330	Root	[38]
12	Tenaxin I (5,2′-Dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavdne)	C₁₈H₁₆O₇	344	Root	[38]
13	5,2′,5′-Trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone	C₁₈H₁₆O₈	360	Root	[38]
14	Skullcapflavone II (5,6′-Dihydroxy-6,7,8,2′-tetramethoxyflavone)	C₁₉H₁₈O₈	374	Root Hairy Root	[37]
15	5,4′-Dihydroxy-6,7,3′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone	C₁₉H₁₈O₈	374	Aerial part	[38]
16	5,2′-Dihydroxy-6,7,8,3′-tetramethoxyflavone	C₁₉H₁₈O₈	374	Hairy Root	[38]
17	Chrysin (5,7-Dihydroxyflavone)	C₁₅H₁₀O₄	254	Root Aerial part	[37]
18	Norwogonin (5,7,8-Trihydroxyflavone)	C₁₅H₁₀O₅	270	Root	[38]
19	lsoscutellarein (5,7,8,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavone)	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	286	Aerial part	[38]
20	Apigenin (5,7,4′-Trihydroxyflavone)	C₁₅H₁₀O₅	270	Root Aerial part	[39]
21	4′-Hydroxywogonin (5,7 4′-Trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone)	C₁₆H₁₂O₆	300	Root	[38]
22	2′-Hydroxychrysin (5,7,2′-Trihydroxyflavone)	C₁₅H₁₀O₅	270	Root	[38]
23	5,7,2′,3′-Tetrahydroxyflavone	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	286	Root	[38]
24	6-Hydroxyluteolin	C₁₅H₁₀O₇	292	Whole plant	[39]
25	Salvigenin	C₁₈H₁₆O₇	344	Root	[38]
27	Luteolin	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	286	Whole plant	[39]
26	5,7,2′,5′-Tetrahydroxyflavone	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	286	Root	[38]
28	5,7,2′,6′-Tetrahydroxyflavone	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	286	Root	[38]
29	5,7,6′-Trihydroxy-2′-methoxyflavone	C₁₆H₁₂O₆	300	Root	[38]
30	5,7-Dihydroxy-6,8,2′,3′-tertramethoxyflavone	C₁₉H₁₈O₇	358	Root	[38]
31	Wogonin (5,7-Dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone)	C₁₆H₁₂O₅	284	Root Aerial part Hairy Root	[37]
32	3,5,4′-Trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone	C₁₈H₁₆O₈	360	Whole plant	[39]
33	Scutevulin (5,7,2′-Trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone)	C₁₆H₁₂O₆	300	Root	[38]
34	5,7,6′-Trihydroxy-8,2′-dimethoxyflavone	C₁₇H₁₄O₇	330	Root	[37]
35	Viscidulin III (5,7,3′,6′-Tetrahydroxy-8,2′-dimethoxyflavone)	C₁₇H₁₄O₈	346	Root	[38]
36	5,7,2′-Trihydroxy-6′-methoxyflavone	C₁₆H₁₂O₆	300	Root	[38]
37	5,7-Dihydroxy-8,2′,3′,6′-tetramethoxyflavone	C₁₉H₁₈O₈	374	Root	[38]
38	7-Methoxychrysin (5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone)	C₁₆H₁₂O₄	268	Aerial part	[38]
39	5,8-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone	C₁₆H₁₂O₅	284	Root	[38]
40	Genkwanin (5.,4′-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone)	C₁₆H₁₂O₅	284	Aerial part	[38]
41	5,8,2′-Trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone	C₁₆H₁₂O₆	300	Root	[38]
42	7-O-Methylwogonin (5-Hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone)	C₁₇H₁₄O₅	298	Root	[38]
43	5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone	C₁₇H₁₂O₆	312	Root	[38]
44	Skullcapflavone I (5,2′-Dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone)	C₁₇H₁₄O₆	314	Root Hairy Root	[38]
45	Viscidulin II (5,2′,6′-Trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone)	C₁₇H₁₄O₇	330	Root	[38]
46	Rivularin (5,6′-Dihydroxy-7,8,2′-trimethoxyflavone)	C₁₈H₁₆O₇	344	Root Hairy Root	[38]
47	6′-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,2′-pentamethoxyflavone	C₂₀H₂₀O₈	388	Root	[38]
48	6,б′-Dihydroxy-5,7,8,2′-tetramethoxyflavone	C₁₉H₁₈O₈	374	Root	[38]
49	5,7,3′4′,5′-Pentamethoxyflavone	C₂₀H₂₀O₇	372	Aerial part	[38]
50	Viscidulin I (5,7,2′,6′-Tetrahydroxyflavonol)	C₁₅H₁₀O₇	302	Root	[37]
51	5,7,6′-Trihydroxy-2′-methoxyflavonol	C₁₆H₁₂O₇	316	Root	[38]
52	Baicalein 6-O-glucuronide	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₁	446	Whole plant	[39]
53	6-Hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoronide	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₃	478	Whole plant	[39]
54	Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₂	462	Whole plant	[39]
55	Apigenin 7,4′-di-O-rhamnoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₈	400	Whole plant	[39]
56	8-Methoxy-5-O-glucosideflavone	C₂₂H₂₀O₁₀	444	Root	[38]
57	Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₀	432	Aerial part	[39]
58	Baicalein 7-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₀	432	Root Aerial part	[37]
59	Oroxylin A 7-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₀0	446	Aerial part Root	[37]
60	Apigenin 6-C-glucosyl-8-C-arabinoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₄	564	Whole plant	[39]
61	5,6′-Dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone 2′-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₃H₂₄O₁₂	492	Root Hairy Root	[37]
62	5,6′-Dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone 2′-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₄H₂₆O₁₃	522	Root	[38]
63	5,6′-Dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone 2′-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₃H₂₄O₁₂	492	Root Hairy Root	[38] [38]
64	5,7,6′-Trihydroxyflavone 2′-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁	448	Hairy Root	[37]
65	Viscidulin III 6′-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₃H₂₄O₁₃	508	Root Hairy Root	[37]
66	Wogonin 5-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₂H₂₂O₁₀	446	Root	[37]
67	3,5,7,6′-Tetrahydroxyflavone 2′-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂	464	Root	[38]
68	Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁	448	Aerial part	[38]
69	Chrysin 7-O-β-d-glucuronide	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₀	430	Root Aerial part	[37]
70	Baicalin (5,6-Dihydroxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide)	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₁	446	Root Aerial part Hairy Root	[37]
71	5,2′-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide	C₂₂H₂₀O₁₂	476	Root	[37]
72	Wogonoside (Wogonin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide)	C₂₂H₂₀O₁₁	460	Root Hairy Root	[37]
73	Oroxyloside (Oroxylin A 7-O-β-D-glucuronide)	C₂₂H₂₀O₁₁	460	Root	[37]
74	Norwogonin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide (5,8-dihydroxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide)	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₁	446	Root	[37]
75	Isoscutellarein 8-O-β-D-glucuronide	C₂₄H₂₄O₁₂	504	Leaf	[38]
76	5-Hydroxy-7,8,6′-trimethoxyflavone 2′-O-β-D-glucuronide	C₂₄H₂₄O₁₃	520	Hairy Root	[38]
77	Scutellarin	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₂	462	Root	[37]
78	Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₁	446	Aerial part	[39]
79	Patuletin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide (3,5,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide)	C₂₂H₂₀O₁₄	508	Root	[38]
80	Chrysin 8-C-β-D-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₉	416	Root	[37]
81	Chrysin 6-C-β-d-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₀O₉	416	Root	[38]
82	Chrysin 6-C-β-D-glucoside-8-C-α-l-arabinopyranoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₃	548	Root Hairy Root	[37]
83	Chrysin 6-C-α-l-arabinopyranoside-8-C-β-D-glucoside	C₂₆H₂8O₁₃	548	Root Hairy Root	[37]
84	Chrysin 6-C-β-l-arabinopyranoside-8-C-β-D-glucoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₃	548	Root	[39]
85	Chrysin 6-C-β-D-glucoside-8-C-β-l-arabinopyranoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₃	548	Root	[39]
86	Chrysin 6-C-β-arabinofuranoside-8-C-β-D-glucoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₃	548	Root	[39]
87	Chrysin 6-C-β-d-glucoside-8-C-β-arabinofuranoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₃	548	Root	[39]
88	Chrysin 3-C-α-arabinopyranoside-8-C-β-D-glucoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₃	548	Root	[39]
89	Apigenin 6-C-α-l-arabinopyranoside-8-C-β-D-glucoside(isoschaftoside)	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₄	564	Aerial part	[39]
90	Viscidulin III-2′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	C₂₃H₂₂O₁₄	522	Root	[38]
91	Quercetin 3-glucuronide	C₂₁H₁₈O₁₃	478	Whole plant	[39]
92	Naringenin	C₁₅H₁₂O₅	272	Whole plant	[39]
93	Pinocembrin	C₁₅H₁₂O₄	256	Whole plant	[39]
94	lsocarthamidin ((2S)-5,7,8,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone)	C₁₅H₁₂O₆	288	Leaf Root	[39]
95	Carthamidin (2S)-5,6,7,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone)	C₁₅H₁₂O₆	288	Leaf Root	[39]
96	(2S)-5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone	C₁₆H₁₄O₆	302	Root	[38]
97	(+)-Eriodictyol ((2S)-5,7,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone)	C₁₅H₁₂O₆	288	Root	[38]
98	(2S)-5,4′-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone	C₁₆H₁₄O₅	286	Aerial part	[38]
99	Dihydrooroxylin A ((2S)-5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone)	C₁₆H₁₄O₅	286	Root	[38]
100	(2S)-7-Hydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone	C₁₆H₁₄O₄	270	Root	[38]
101	(2S)-5,7,2′,5′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone	C₁₅H₁₂O₆	288	Root	[38]
102	(2S)-5,7,2′,6′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone	C₁₅H₁₂O₆	288	Root	[37]
103	(2S)-7,2′,6′-Trihydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone	C₁₆H₁₄O₆	302	Root	[38]
104	(2R,3R)-3,5,7,2′,6′-Pentahydroxyflavanone	C₁₅H₁₂O₇	304	Root	[37]
106	Naringenin 7-O-glucoronide	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁	448	Whole plant	[39]
107	Pinocembrin 7-O-glucoronide	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₀	432	Whole plant	[39]
108	(2S) -5,7,2′,5′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	C₂₁H₂₂O₁₀	434	Root	[38]
109	(2S)-5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	C₂₂H₂₂O₁₀	446	Root	[38]
110	(2S)-5-Hydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone 7-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₂H₂₄O₁₀	448	Root	[38]
111	(2S)-5,7,6′-Trihydroxyflavanone 2′-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₁H₂₂O₁₁	450	Root	[37]
112	Dihydrobaicalin ((2S)-5,6-Dihydroxyflavanone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide)	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁	448	Root	[38]
113	(2S)-5-Hydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide	C₂₂H₂₂O₁₁	462	Root	[37]
114	(2S)-5,6,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₃	480	Aerial part	[38]
115	Isocarthamidin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide ((2S)-5,8,4′-Trihydroxyflavanone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide)	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂	464	Aerial part	[39]
116	Carthamidin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide (Dihydroscutellarein 7-O-β-D-glucuronide, Scutellarin B)	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂	464	Aerial part	[39]
117	(2S)-5,8,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone 7-O-β-D-glucuronide	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₃	480	Aerial part	[38]
118	4′,5,7-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone	C₁₆H₁₅O₅	287	Root	[38]
119	2′,6′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone	C₁₅H₁₃O₅	273	Root	[38]
120	Sinapoyl hexoside	C₂₇H₂₂O₁₀	386	Whole plan	[39]
121	Verbascoside	C₂₉H₃₆O₁₅	624	Whole plant	[39]
122	7-O-Acetylloganic acid	C₂₈H₂₆O₁₀	402	Whole plant	[39]
123	N¹,N⁵,N¹⁰-Tri-p-(E,E,E)-coumaroylspermidine	C₃₃H₃₃O₆N₃	567	Whole plant	[39]
124	Benzyl alcohol	C₇H₈O	108	Root	[36]
125	4′-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethoxy-9,9′-epoxylignane-4, 7′-diol	C₃₀H₄₅O₁₃	613	Root	[36]
126	4′-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,3′,5′-trimethoxy-9,9′-epoxylignane-4, 7′-diol	C₂₉H₄₃O₁₂	583	Root	[36]
127	4′-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,3-dimethoxy-9,9′-epoxylignane-4,7′-diol	C₂₈H₄₁O₁₁	553	Root	[36]
128	Lutein	C₄₀H₅₅O₂	567	Root	[36]
129	β-Carotene	C₄₀H₅₆	536	Root	[36]
130	2,6,2′,4′-Tetrahydroxy-6′-methoxychalcone	C₁₆H₁₄O₆	302	Root	[38]
131	8,8″-Bibaicalein	C₃₀H₁₈O₁₀	538	Root	[38]
132	5,6,8-Trimethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₂	532	Root	[38]
133	3,5,8-Trimethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₆H₂₈O₁₂	532	Root	[38]
134	Delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl)-β-d-glucoside-5-O-β-D-glucoside	C₃₀H₃₃O₂₀	713	Flower	[38]
135	Salidroside (4-Hydroxy-β-phenylethyl-β-D-glucoside)	C₁₄H₂₀O₇	300	Hairy Root	[38]
136	Darendoside B	C₂₁H₃₂O₁₂	476	Root	[38]
137	Martynoside (2-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl-1-O-α-l-rhamnosyl(1 → 3)-β-D-(4-feruloyl)-glucoside)	C₃₁H₄₀O₁₅	652	Hairy Root Root	[38]
138	Acteoside	C₂₉H₃₆O₁₅	624	Hairy Root Root	[37]
139	Isomartynoside	C₃₁H₄₀O₁₅	652	Root	[38]
140	Leucosceptoside A	C₃₀H₃₈O₁₅	638	Hairy Root Root	[38]
141	Cistanoside D	C₃₁H₄₀O₁₅	652	Root	[37]
142	Darendoside A	C₁₉H₂₈O₁₁	432	Root	[38]
143	Stigmasterol	C₂₉H₄₈O	412	Root	[38]
144	β-Sitosterol	C₂₉H₅₀O	414	Root	[36]
145	Daucosterin	C₃₅H₆₀O₆	576	Root	[38]
146	Scutebaicalin (6α,7β-dibenzoyloxy-8β-hydroxy-neo-cleroda-4(18),13-dien-15,16-olide)	C₃₄H₃₈O₇	558	Aerial part	[38]
147	Pellitorine	C₁₄H₂₅NO	223	Root	[38]
148	(E)-4-[(2-methylpropyl) amino]-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid	C₈H₁₃NO₃	171	Root	[38]
149	Dihydropiperlonguminine	C₁₆H₂₁NO₃	275	Root	[38]
150	Futoamide	C₁₈H₂₃NO₃	301	Root	[38]
151	Piperlonguminine	C₁₆H₁₉NO₃	273	Root	[38]
152	Benzoic acid	C₇H₆O₂	122	Root	[38]
153	Phenyl acetic acid	C₈H₈O₂	136	Root	[38]
154	Syringaldehyde	C₉H₁₀O₄	182	Root	[38]
155	4-O-β-D-glucosyl-trans-p-coumaric acid	C₁₅H₁₈O₈	326	Root	[38]
156	Ferulic acid methyl ester	C₁₁H₁₂O₄	208	Root	[38]
157	4-O-β-D-glucosyl-cis-p-coumaric acid	C₁₅H₁₈O₈	326	Root	[38]
158	Vanillin	C₈H₈O₃	152	Root	[38]
159	(+)-Crotepoxide	C₁₈H₁₈O₈	362	Root	[38]
160	(+)-Syringaresinol-O-β-D-glucoside	C₂₈H₃₆O₁₃	580	Root	[38]

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