Table 2 The pharmacological effects of SB
Pharmacological effects | Model | Mechanism | Drugs or components | Doses | Efficacy | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti inflammatory | LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells | Inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors | Flavonoids | 10–100 μg/mL | MC = 10 μg/mL | [59] |
HCT 116 cells | Inducing apoptosis; Activating PPARγ to inhibit the activity of NF-κB | Baicalein | 25–100 μM | IC50 = 50 μM | [60] | |
AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer mices | 1–10 mg/kg | MC = 1 mg/kg | ||||
L6 cells | Inhibiting the expression of inflammation related proteins | Flavonoids | 30––150 μg/mL | MC = 150 μg/mL | [61] | |
AET II cells | Inhibiting the signal pathways of NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K-AT | 70% ethanol extract | 3.125–200 μg/mL | MC = 50 μg/mL | [62] | |
ALI rats | 2–8 mg/kg | MC = 4 mg/kg | ||||
Human THP-1 cells | Inhibiting the production of TNF-α, IL-1β | Ploysaccharides | 20–1280 μg/mL | IC50 = 40 μg/mL | [51] | |
C57BL/6 mices | 50–200 mg/kg | IC50 = 100 mg/kg | ||||
Antibacterial and antimicrobial | T. gondii in Hela cells | Inhibiting the propagation of T. gondii | Water extract | 10 μg/mL | Inhibiting rates > 98% | [63] |
Piglets with diarrhea | Changing the composition of intestinal flora | Baicalin-Alumium complexes | 272Â mg/mL | Diarrhea rates less than 50% | [108] | |
Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii | Inhibiting the propagation of A. baumannii | Water extract | 7.8125–1000 μg/mL | MIC = 128 μg/mL MBC = 256 μg/mL | [64] | |
P. Acnes in human monocytic Th-1 cells | Inhibiting the production of IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β | Wogonin | 5–30 μM | IC50 = 4.9–8.7 μM | [65] | |
Antibacterial and antimicrobial | P. acnes | Inhibiting the production of IL-8 and IL-1β via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways | Wogonin Wogonoside | 1.15 mg/g 8.71 mg/g | Inhibition rates > 90% | [66] |
P. aeruginosa | Decreasing the production of exotoxin A; Inhibiting inflammation | Baicalin | 2–1024 μg/mL | MEC > 1024 μg/mL | [67] | |
P. aeruginosa-induced peritoneal infection mouse | 100Â mg/kg | Bacterial counts decreased significantly | ||||
Antivirus | RSV infect HEp-2 cells | Decreasing inflammatory cell infiltration; Significantly reducing H1N1 activity | Baicalin | 3–30 μM | IC50 = 19.9 ± 1.8 μM CC50 = 370 ± 10 μM | [68] |
RSV-induced lung injury mice | 50–200 mg/kg | IC50 = 100 mg/kg | ||||
IAV in MDCK cells | Inhibiting the leves of IL-6, TNF-α; Improving lung tissue abnormality | Flavonoids | 2.5–40 μg/mL | Inhibiting rates > 65% | [69] | |
IAV in mices | 10Â mg/mL | |||||
Dengue virus in vero cells | Inhibiting the propagation of virus | Baicalein | 0.5–750 μg/mL | IC50 = 56.02–77.41 μg/mL | [70] | |
CVB3 in male BALB/c mices | Reducing the level of inflammatory factors; Increasing phosphoric acid eIF2 α in pancreas | Oroxylin A and wogonoside | 50 mg/kg | Inhibiting rates > 50% | [71] | |
Antivirus | CHIKV in vero, BHK-21 and HEK-293T cells | Antivirus directly; Reducing the level of important protein markers of LC3 and Bax | Baicalin | 3–100 μM | EC50 = 14 μM | [72] |
Antioxidant | FeSO4-Cys-induced liver homogenate | Inhibiting further development of oxidation process; Producing cytoprotection | wogonin-7-O-β-d-ethylglucuronide and wogonoside | – | IC50 = 18.2 and 24.9 μM | [73] |
H2O2-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells | ||||||
H2O2-induced HaCaT cells | Decreasing comet tail formation; Inhibiting histone γH2AX phosphorylation | Ethanol extract | 200–1000 μg/mL | IC50 = 600 μg/mL | [74] | |
DPPH−, ABTS2+ scavenging activity | Inhibiting oxidation reaction | Polyphends | 25–500 μg/mL | IC50 = 66.9 ± 0.3 μg/mL | [39] | |
DPPH− scavenging activity | Inhibiting oxidation reaction; Preventing ROS from damaging cells; Accelerating wound healing | Baicalin/F 127 hydrogels | – | Wound healing rates more than 85% and cell activity more than 80% | [75] | |
NIH3T3 cells | ||||||
Wound tissues | ||||||
Cardiovascular effects | Cerebral ischemial reperfusion rats | Improving neuron loss or swelling; Enhancing memory; Reducing MDA level; Increasing Na+–K+–ATPase activity | Flavonoids | 35–140 mg/kg | MC = 35 mg/kg | [76] |
H9c2 cardiomyoctes | Reducing LysoPC-induced cell desth and production of ROS | Baicalein | 0.1–10 μM | IC50 = 0.69 μM | [77] | |
Cardiovascular effects | Age-matched male SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto rats | Improving the state of intestinal injury, Reducing intestinal permeability and the level of related inflammatory factors | Baicalin | 100 mg/kg | The level of correlation factor is 2–5 times higher than that of model making | [78] |
Male SD rats, male WKY/Izm and SHRs rats | Activating the pathway of NO/cG; Paying the role of vascular relaxation | Sanhuangjiedu Decoction | 1–100 μg/mL | EC50 = 16.2 ± 1.1 and 65.1 ± 5.5 μg/mL (baicalin and baicalein) | [79] | |
Hypoglycemic | α-Glucosidase | Inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase | 70% Ethanol extract | – | Six flavonoids of α-glucosidase inhibitors were screened out | [83] |
Male SD rats | Regulating the composition of intestinal flora | Water extract | 6.3Â g/kg | The perturbation of metabolic spectrum in T2DM rats was significantly improved | [84] | |
α-Glucosidase | Regulating peroxisome proliferator receoter actiated | Flavonoids | 3.34 mg/kg | Inhibiting rates > 90% | [85] | |
Neuroprotection | γ irradiation-induced rats | Resuming the level of cell mRNA and the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NF-κB | Wogonin | 30 mg/kg | No lesions of the polymerized astrocytes | [85] |
Spinal cord injury rats | Reducing peroxides toxicity in nerve cells | Water extract | 20Â mg/kg | The pathological changes of damaged neurons were improved obviously | [86] | |
Neuroprotection | LPS -induced BV-2 and HT22 cells | Inhibiting neuroinflammatory responses | Apigetrin | 20–100 μM | MC = 25 μM | [87] |
Hippocampal neuroral cells | Decreasing the production of PEG2 and NO | Wogonin, baicalein, wogonoside and baicalin | 10Â mg/kg | Inhibiting rates are 78.6%, 91.0%, 81.0% and 41.0% | ||
Primary rats cortical cells | Inhibition of neurocell death | Ethanol extract | 1–100 μg/mL | IC50 = 35.1 μg/mL | [90] | |
Primary rats cortical cells exposured to potassium cyanide | NMDA receptor mediated neuroprotection; Inhibiting lactic dehydrogenase, MDA etc.; Increasing the Na+–K+–ATPase activity | Flavonoids | 18.98–75.92 μg/mL | Inhibiting rates are 25.24–46.69% | [91] | |
Antitumor | Mouse orthotopic tumor model and femal C57BL/6 mices | Decreasing the expression of cyclin B1 and D1; Inhibit the mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 | Baicalein | 25–100 μM | MC = 100 μM (G1 phase) | [92] |
MCF-7 | Inhibition of mitochondrial membrane potential; Downregulating Bcl-2 | Methanol extract | 100–500 μg/mL | MC = 100 μg/mL | [93] | |
B-ALL cell lines | Inhibiting cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase | Baicalin | 4–16 μg/mL | MC = 8 μg/mL | [96] | |
AGS cells | Inhibition of mitochondrial membrane potential; Downregulating PARP | Flavonoids | 50–400 μg/mL | IC50 = 100 μg/mL | [94] | |
Antitumor | Lewis lung cacinoma cells | Inhibiting the propagation of AGS cells and tumor growth | Extract freeze-dried powder | 0.125–1 mg/mL | IC50 = 0.13 mg/mL | [95] |
Male C57BL/6 mices | 300Â mg/kg | |||||
Female ICR mices | Inhibiting the expression of SHCBP1 | Oroxylin A | 10–40 mg/kg | MC = 10 mg/kg | [97] | |
JB6P + cells | 5–20 μM | MC = 5 μM | ||||
Liver protection | HCC cells | Inhibiting the metastasis of cancer cells | Flavonoids | 50–400 μg/mL | MC = 100 μg/mL | [99] |
HCC cells | Downregulating the mRNA and proteins expression of CD24 | Baicalein | 50–100 μg/mL | MC = 50 μg/mL | [100] | |
Alcohol-induced acute liver injury in mices | Inhibiting the propagation of liver cancer cells; Downregulating the GRP78 expression of endoplasmic reticulum marker | Methanol extract | 40–160 mg/kg | MC = 40 mg/kg | [101] | |
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cells | Downregulating the pathway of NLRP3-GSDMD to inhibit the liver cells death | Baicalin | 1–64 μM | MC = 32 μM | [102] | |
Immunity | Far eastern catfish | Increasing viability by regulating growth and serum hormone levels | Water extract | 0.25–5% | Viability more than 90% | [60] |
Srtreptococcus iniae induced periodontitis mices | Increasing the level of Th2-type IgG1 | Water extract | 50Â mg/kg | After 4Â weeks, the effect began to be obvious | [104] | |
Immunity | PAVECs | Anti H. parasuis; Inhibiting the phosphorylation of FPK, JNK, p38 | Baicalin | 12.5–100 μg/mL | MC = 12.5 μg/mL | [105] |
Anti-aging | d-galactose induced aging rats | Regulatiing disorders of amino acid, choline and glucose metabolism | 60% Ethanol extract | 100–200 mg/kg | MC = 100 mg/kg | [106] |
|  | d-galactose induced aging rats | Regulating the level of MDA, SOD, AGEs | 60% Ethanol flower extract | 0.4–0.8 g/kg | MC = 0.4 g/kg | [107] |
|  | Bleomycin-induced senescence in BJ fibroblasts | Interrupting IκBζ/C/EBPβ pathway | 5,7,2′-Trihydroxyflavone and scutevulin | 2-4 mg/kg | Inhibitory rates > 90% | [108] |
Anti-Osteoporosis | Primary bone narrow mononuclear cells | Inhibition of trabecular bone loss; Decreasing the level of CTX-1, TRAP-5b and IL-6 | Tectochrysin | 20–100 μmol/L | MC = 20 μmol/L | [109] |
|  | Female C57BL/6 mices | Promoting the proliferation of bone cells and matrix calcification | Baicalein and wogonin | 0.5–0.6 mg/L and 0.015–0.6 mg/L | The effect is equivalent to 0.1 mg/L simvastatin | [110] |
Anti prostatic hyperplasia | Prostatic hyperplasia rats | Inhibiting prostate growth; Decreasing the level of serum testosterone and 5α-reductase | 30% ethanol extract | 100–200 mg/kg | MC = 100 mg/kg | [113] |
Anti-alzheimer | MAO enzyme | Inhibiting MAO-A and MAO-B | Wogonin | – | IC50 = 6.35 and 20.8 μM (A and B) | [115] |
Anti-melanin | The mouse melanoma cell line B16F10 | Inhibiting the production of melanin and transport of intracellular melanosome | O-methylated flavones | 7–70 μg/mL | MC = 35 μg/mL | [117] |
Antipruritic | Male ICR and BALB/c mices | Inhibiting scratching behavior; Reducing vascular permeability | Baicalin, baicalein and oroxylin A | 20–50 mg/kg | Oroxylin A has the strongest effect | [118] |