Table 3 Effects of alkaloids on diabetic painful neuropathy (DPN)
From: Effects of alkaloids on peripheral neuropathic pain: a review
Alkaloids | Animal/cell | Dose mg/kg (route of administration) | Effects/mechanisms of action | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavioral evaluation | Histopathological observation | Electrophysiology parameters | Biochemical/Molecular parameters/mRNA | ||||
Koumine | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | 0.056/0.28/1.4/7 mg/kg s.c 7 days |  → Blood glucose and body weight ↓Streptozotocin-induced mechanical allodynia | ↑Myelin thickness, axon diameter and number of myelinated nerve fibers | ↑SNCV | – | [27] |
Berberine | Adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats | 10/20/40 mg/kg i.g 8 days | ↓Streptozotocin-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | ↓Necrosis, edema, inflammatory infiltration, and congestion after intraperitoneal administration of STZ in sciatic nerve ↓Split and disintegrated neurofilaments and swoln axonal mitochondria | ↑MNCV and SNCV | Reverse Streptozotocin-induced oxido-nitrosative stress (SOD, GSH, MDA, and NO) and Na+K+-ATPase alteration ↑BDNF, IGF-1, PPAR-γ, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α | [42] |
Berberine | Male C57BL/6 mice | The dose was not mentioned s.c 14 days | ↓Streptozotocin-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | ↓The relative Iba-1-positive area and GFAP-positive area reflected by the Iba-1 and GFAP fluorescence density after the treatment of berberine in spinal cord slices | – | ↓The expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 in spinal cord and DRG | [41] |
Sinomenine | Male Sprague–Dawley rats HEK293 cells | 40 mg/kg i.p 10 Μm(in vitro) | ↓Streptozotocin -induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical hyperalgesia | – | ↓ATP-activated current in HEK293 cells transfected with the pEGFP-hP2X3 plasmid | ↓p-P38MAPK and P2X3 protein in DRG ↓P2X3 mRNA in DRG | |
Palmatine | Male Sprague- Dawley rats | 30 mg/kg i.p 14 days | ↓Streptozotocin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia ↓Depressive like behavior | ↓Fluorescence intensity of co-localization of P2X7 and GFAP in the hippocampus ↓Positive signal of P2X7 protein in the hippocampus | – | ↓P2X7, TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA ↓p-ERK1/2 in the hippocampus | [43] |
Bullatine A | Male adult Wistar rats | 0.3/1/3/10/30 mg/kg s.c 0.3/1/3/10/30 μg i.t | ↓Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | – | – | – | [45] |