From: Effects of alkaloids on peripheral neuropathic pain: a review
Alkaloids | Animal/cell | Dose mg/kg (route of administration) | Effects/mechanisms of action | Biochemical/molecular parameters/mRNA | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
behavioral evaluation | histopathological observation | Electrophysiology parameters | |||||
Lappaconitine | Male adult Wistar rats Primary neurons, astrocytes, and microglia | 0.3/1/3/10 mg/kg s.c 0.3/1/3/10 μg i.t | ↓Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | – | – | →The mRNA expression of dynorphin A, prodynorphin in microglia ↓LPS-induced the increase of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in microglia | [29] |
koumine | Male adult Sprague–Dawley rats | 0.28/1.4/7 mg/kg s.c Twice per day for 7 days | ↓Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | – | – | – | [130] |
Bulleyaconitine A | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | 0.4 mg/kg i.g | ↓Mechanical and thermal sensitivity | – | ↓Morphine induced-the potentiation of spinal LTP at C-fiber synapses | ↓p-PKCγ in SDH | [136] |
Bullatine A | Male adult Swiss mice | 0.1/0.3/1/3/10/30 mg/kg s.c | ↓Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | – | – | – | [135] |
Bulleyaconitine A | Male Sprague–Dawley rats Primary DRG neurons | – | ↓Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | – | ↓ Na+ channels in the uninjured neurons | – | [151] |
Bullatine A | Male adult Wistar rats | 0.3/1/3/10/30 mg/kg s.c 0.3/1/3/10/30 μg i.t | ↓Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | ↑Dynorphin A immunofluorescence staining in the ipsilateral SDH | – | → LPS-induced the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in microglia | [45] |
Gelsemine | Male Wistar rats | 0.03/0.1/0.3/1/3/10 μg i.t | ↓Mechanical allodynia | – | – | ↓The level of Gly α3 mRNA and protein | [137] |
Dehydrocorybulbine | Male 129/sv mice | 10 mg/kg i.p | ↓Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia | – | – | – | [138] |