Table 2 Therapeutic mechanism and anti-fibrosis actions of ginseng components

G-Rg₁

CCl₄, BLM, DOX, UUO

SD rat

Wistar rats

(1) Control; (2) CCl₄, BLM, TAC, UUO;

3. CCl₄ + Rg₁ (10, 20, 40 mg/kg);

4. BLM + prednisone acetate (5 mg/kg);

BLM + Rg₁ (18, 36, 72 mg/kg);

5. TAC + Rg₁ (10 mg/kg);

6. UUO + Rg₁ (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg/d)

↓ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, HYP, α-SMA, TGF-β1, TSP-1, col I, fibronectin, p38MAPK

↑Nrf2, Cav-1, ED, FS, HIF-1, p-Akt

Liver lung heart kidney

62–65

G-Rb₁

CCl₄, AAC, UUO

SD rat

(1) Control; (2) CCl₄, UUO, AAC;

3. CCl₄ + Rb₁ (50 mg/kg);

4. AAC + losartan (4.5 mg/kg);

AAC + Rb₁ (35, 70 mg/kg);

5. UUO + losartan (20 mg/kg);

UUO + Rb₁ (50 mg/kg)

↓AST, ALT, TG, HYP, TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE₂, sICAM-1, p47phox, col I, fibronectin, 8-OhdG, HO-1, ANF, ACE, Ang II, AT1, TGF-β

↑IL-10

Liver heart kidney

66–68

G-Re

ISO

Wistar rat

(1) Control; (2) ISO;

3. ISO + Re (5, 20 mg/kg)

↓Smad3, col I, LVEDP, HYP

↑LVSP, +dp/dt

Heart

69

G-Rg₃

Thioacetamide

(TAA)

ICR mice

(1) Control; (2) TAA;

3. TAA + Rg₃ (5, 10 mg/kg)

↓AST, ALT, CAT, MDA,TGF-β1, α-SMA, _P62

↑SOD, GSH, PI3K, AKT, mTOR

Liver

70

Ginsan

BLM

C57BL/6 mouse

(1) Control; (2) BLM;

3. BLM + Ginsan (2 mg/kg)

↓α-SMA, col-1, FN, Smad2 Smad3, TGF-β, TβRI, TβRII, ERK, Akt;

↑TβRIII

lung

72

Sesquiterpenoids from Panax Ginseng

(SPG)

CCl₄

ICR mouse

(1) Control; (2) CCl₄;

3. CCl₄ + SPG (2.5, 10 mg/kg)

↓ALT, AST, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, JNK, ERK, MAPK p38, NF-κB p65, COX-2

↑GSH, SOD, CAT

liver

74