Table 1 Clerodane diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity

14

LPS-induced murine microglial BV-2 cells

30.9 μM

Inhibited NO production

[44]

16

31.2 μM

17

30.3 μM

18

27.5 μM

38

34.7 μM

48

[47]

49

51

48.5 μM

[45]

52

Directly interacted and suppressed iNOS

[43]

53

30 μM

54

57

58

30 μM

60

25.3 μM

[46]

61

27.2 μM

[45]

22

Directly interacted and suppressed iNOS and COX2

[47]

50

59

1

LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages

31.4 μM

Inhibited NO production

[57]

4

25.49 μM

[58]

7

31.4 μM

[57]

14

26.3 μM

[53]

15

27.7 μM

16

22.8 μM

19

32.19 μM

[54]

20

22.92 μM

[50]

21

13.25 μM

25

46.43 μM

[54]

26

31.99 μM

27

48.85 μM

28

42.04 μM

33

35.6 μM

[53]

34

34.2 μM

35

20.6 μM

36

21.5 μM

37

20.2 μM

41

1.2 μM

[51]

42

1.6 μM

44

0.82 μM

[91]

45

0.54 μM

46

21.9 μM

[52]

47

45.1 μM

[59]

55

39.3 μM

[56]

56

36.2 μM

[55]

63

22.4 μM

[52]

12

35.35 μM

Inhibited NO, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α production in a dose-responsive manner

[50]

13

17.49 μM

2

fMLP/CB induced neutrophils

Suppressed superoxide generation

[64]

3

5

6

7

8

Inhibited superoxide anion generation and elastase release

[65]

2

Attenuated the phosphorylation of AKT and p38 MAPK

[66]

9

TPA-induced CD-1 auricular pavilion mouse ear edema

0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/ear

Reduced edema to 64%

[71]

10

0.10 mg/ear

exhibited 70-76% Inhibition of inflammation

[70]

11

0.39 mg/ear

40

200 mg/kg

Dose-dependently inhibited ear edema

[73]

62

0.50 μg/ear

Inhibited ear edema

[72]

10

TPA-induced acute mouse ear edema

2.03 μg/ear

Inhibited IL-1β production, reduced ear thickness, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase accumulation

[81]

24

carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats

50–200 mg/kg

Dose-dependently inhibited paw edema.

[73]

30

200 mg/kg

Inhibited paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma

[77]

43

20 mg/kg

Inhibited inflammation in rat paw

[78]

64

0.5, 2.5 mg/kg

Reduced paw edema

[76]

65

24

Carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats

10 mg/kg

Inhibited LTB4 production in exudates and phlogistic process in lung

[79]

31

Teleocidin induced mouse ear inflammation

5.6 μg/ear

Inhibited tropical inflammation in mouse ear

[92]

32

3.0 μg/ear

39

Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats

50 mg/kg

Downregulated PGE2, IL-4, IL-10, VEGF, and EGF

[83]

7

DSS/OAM induced IBD mice

1.6, 6.4 mg/kg

Reduced iNOS, COX2 expression

Reduced NF-κB gene expression

[85]

29

Dextran- or histamine-induced edema

50 mg/kg

Reduced edema

[80]

24

A23187-induced LTB4 biosynthesis

1 μM

Dose-dependently inhibited LTB4 biosynthesis

[79]

Zymosan-induced peritonitis

10 mg/kg

Inhibited myeloperoxidase activity, LTC4 production, cell infiltration, and vascular permeability in the peritoneal cavity, but not the production of PGE2