Fig. 1

13-MB alleviates H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in HUVECs. a The HUVECs were incubated with various concentrations of H₂O₂ (0–1000 µM) for 24 h to choose an optimal oxidative stress condition. b The HUVECs were treated with an increasing concentration of 13-MB (0–10 µM) to exclude the toxic effects on cells. c The HUVECs were pretreated with 13-MB for 24 h followed by H₂O₂ for 6 h to assess the protective effect of 13-MB. All of them were determined by CCK-8 assay. ** and **** indicate a significant difference at the level of P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively, compared to the control group. d The HUVECs were pretreated with 1 µM 13-MB before 100 µM H₂O₂. The cytoprotective effect of 13-MB in HUVECs was confirmed by morphological observations under bright field microscopy (×40 magnification). Scale bar = 100 µm