Table 2 Indirect regulatory efficacy of Chinese medicines on NF-κB pathway

Heat-clearing and dampness-drying medicine

Casticin

RAW264.7

Down-regulate the phosphorylation of AKT, thus down-regulate the phosphate kinase activity of IKKα/β, thereby failing to phosphorylate IκBα

[44]

Baicalin

DSS-induced colon tissue

Reduce the protein levels of p-IκB-α, whereas IκB-α protein expression is increased

[45]

UC patients

Increase p-STAT6/STAT6 ratio, but decrease ratios of p-STAT4/STAT4

[46]

Wogonin

Caco-2 cells

Decrease phosphorylation and degradation of IκB; inhibit the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and TAK1

[47]

Wogonoside

DSS-induced colon tissues

Inhibit phosphorylated IκBα

[48]

AOM/DSS-induced tumor tissues

Decrease the phosphorylation of IKKα and IκBα, inhibit NF-κB activation via PI3K/Akt pathway

[49]

THP-1 cells

Inhibit phosphorylation of IKKα and IκBα

[49]

Berberine

Colonic macrophages

Inhibit ERK1/2, p38, and JNK activation; inhibit IκB degradation

[50]

Colonic epithelial cells

Decrease IκB degradation and ERK1/2 and p38 activation

[50]

Berberine hydrochloride

DSS-induced colonic tissues

Suppress the expressions of phosphorylation of STAT3; inhibit the activation of IL-6/STAT3/NF-κB

[54, 55]

Apocynin

DSS-induced tissues

Reduce the activation of STAT3

[56]

SM934

DSS-induced colon tissue

Decrease phosphorylation of IκB; abrogate the increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 induced by DSS

[61]

Interior-warming and drying dampness medicine

Aesculin

RAW264.7 cells

Suppress the phosphorylation of IκBα

[65]

Total triterpenoids of Chaenomeles speciosa

DSS-induced colon tissue

Down-regulate the protein expressions of cytosol PPARγ, tissue p-IKKβ and p-IκBα, decrease the p-IKKβ/IKKβ and p-IκBα/IκBα ratios, up-regulate the protein expressions of nucleus PPARγ, tissue SIRT1

[66]

Cardamonin

RAW264.7 cells

Inhibit phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα; inhibit p38 phosphorylation

[67]

3,4-Oxo-isopropylidene-shikimic acid

TNBS-induced colon tissues

Decrease the change of IκBα expression in the nucleus

[70]

Wu Zhu Yu

DSS-induced colonic tissues

Down-regulated the increased phosphorylation levels of IκB

[71]

Clove

DSS-induced colon tissues

Reduce the expressions of p-IκB-α

[73]

RAW264.7 macrophages

Decrease the expressions of p-IκB-α

[73]

Zanthoxylum bungeanum

DSS-induced colon tissue

Inhibit IκBα phosphorylation levels; suppress NF-κB due to inhibition of TLR4

[74]

Galangin

DSS-induced colon tissue

Suppress protein expressions of p-Ikk-βα; increase the expression level of phosphorylation of IκBα in the cytoplasmic fraction

[75]

Detoxificating and purgative medicine

Parthenolide

DSS-induced colon tissue

Inhibit IkB protein phosphorylation; block the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα

[76]

HCT116 cells

Inhibit the phosphorylation of IkB-α

[77]

Arctigenin

DSS-induced colonic tissues

Suppress phosphorylation of IκBα

[78]

Andrographolide derivative AL-1

TNBS-induced colon tissues

Aattenuate the expression levels of p-IκBα; increase the expression of PPAR-γ

[79]

Andrographolide derivative CX-10

DSS-induced colonic tissue

Reduce the expressions of p-IκBα; increase the expression of IκBα and suppresses the phosphorylated p38MAPK, ERK and JNK

[80]

Brucea javanica oil

DSS-induced colon tissues

Inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα

[82]

Total flavonoids of Hedyotis diffusa Willd

RAW 264.7 cells

Suppress IκB phosphorylation, and reduce the phosphorylation of MAPK

[83]

Qing Dai

RAW264.7 cells

Inhibit IkBα degradation

[86]

Indirubin

DSS-induced colon tissues

Reverse DSS-mediated up-regulation of p-IκBα and p-IKKα/β as well as down-regulation of IκBα and IKKα/β

[87]

Dandelion

DSS-induced NCM460 cell

Decrease the phosphorylation of Akt

[88]

Rhubarb-type anthraquinones

HT-29 cells

Emodin up-regulating the expression of IκB

[92]

Macrophages

Chrysophanol inhibit IκBα degradation

[93]

Gallic acid

DSS-induced colon tissue

Attenuate the activation and nuclear accumulation of p-STAT3 (Y705); prevent the degradation of the inhibitory protein IκB

[94]

Allicin

DSS-induced colonic mucosa

Inhibit activation and nuclear accumulation of STAT3; prevent the inhibition of protein IκB degradation

[95]

Bergenin

RAW264.7 cells

Activate PPARγ, leading to increased expression of SIRT1

[97]

Fagopyrum cymosum (Trev.) Meisn

RAW264.7 cells

Inhibit IκB phosphorylation

[98]

Chlorogenic acid

DSS-induced Colon Mucosa

Reduce the phosphorylation level of IκB; improve the expression of ERK1/2, p-ERK, p38, p-p38, JNK, and pJNK proteins of the MAPK/ERK/JNK pathway

[99]

Blood-activating medicine

Liriodendrin

DSS-induced colon tissues

Reduce in phosphorylation of Akt; Block the phosphorylation of IκBα

[101]

RAW264.7 macrophages

Reduce the phosphorylation of IκBα

[101]

Shikonin

DSS-induced colon tissues

Reduce the expression of pSTAT-3

[102]

Tetramethylpyrazine

OXZ-induced colitis mucosa

Restore PPAR-γ expression; reverse increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation

[103]

(2)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate

IEC-6 cells

Inhibit the activation of IκB kinase

[106]

Curcumin

DSS-induced colonic tissue

Inhibit the activating signals of p38MAPK

[112]

Qi-regulating medicine

Norisoboldine

DSS-induced colon tissues

Repress the phosphorylations of p38MAPK and ERK

[113]

Tonifying medicine

Eclipta Prostrata

HT-29 cells

Reduce the degradation of IκB

[115]

Astragaloside IV

CCD‑18Co cells

Inhibit the phosphorylation of IκB

[117]

Licochalcone A

DSS-induced colonic tissues

Reverse the increased expression of IKKα and p-IκB

[118]

The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

AOM/DSS-induced colon tissue

Attenuate inflammation, tumor development and progression by down-regulation of expression of STAT3

[122]

Lentinus edodes β-glucans

DSS-induced colon tissues

Modify p38MAPK and ERK1/2, and then phosphorylating PPARγ, which negatively regulates activation of NF-κB

[124]

Mango polyphenolics

DSS-induced intestinal mucosa

Attenuate the levels of inflammatory markers via suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, in part through up-regulation of miRNA-126

[125]

Astringent medicine

Ursolic acid

Macrophages

Inhibit the phosphorylation of IKKβ and IκBα; suppress MAPK signaling pathways

[129]

Rubus coreanus

RAW264.7 macrophages

Block the IκBα phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα; suppression of MAPK activation

[130]

Osthole

DSS-induced colonic tissue

Reduce the expression of p-IκBα and increase IκBα expression

[132]

RAW 264.7 cells

Reduce the phosphorylation of the MAPK/p38 protein; Facilitate a full recovery of the degradated IκBα protein

[132]

Tonifying Qi and activating blood category

Shen Ling Bai Zhu San

DSS-induced colonic tissue

MAPK and NF-κB pathways share crosstalk

[133]

Tou Nong San

TNBS-induced colon tissue

Inhibit p65 mainly by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKβ and thus the degradation of IB

[134]

Heat-clearing and drying dampness category

Gegenqinlian decoction

DSS-induced colonic tissues

Decrease the P-IκB

[139]

RAW 264.7 cells

Inhibit the degradation of IκB

[139]

Jianpi Qingchang decoction

DSS‑induced colon tissue

Increase the expression of IκB

[140]

Qing Hua Chang Yin

DSS‑induced colon tissue

Inhibit the expression of the phosphorylation of IκB

[143]

Caco-2 cells

Suppress the phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2 and STAT3

[144]

QingBai decoction

DSS-induced colon tissue

Strengthen mucus barrier through inhibiting p‐ERK and Notch signaling

[145]

Chang-An-Shuan

TNBS-induced colonic tissues

Reduce the levels of p38 and p-AKT proteins

[146]

Compound sophorae decoction

DSS‑induced colonic tissues

Suppress the activation of STAT3

[149]

Huangkui Lianchang decoction

DSS-induced Colon Tissue

Decrease the IκBα and p-IκBα levels

[150]

Warming yang and drying dampness category

Modified ZenWu decoction

DSS-induced colonic tissues

Lessen the degradation of IκBα

[154]

Ping weisan

DSS-induced colon tissues

Reduce phosphorylation of IκBα

[155]

RAW264.7cells

Reduce phosphorylation of IκBα

[155]

Astringent category

Zhenrenyangzang decoction

TNBS-induced colon tissues

Attenuate the protein expression of IκB-α subunit and phosphorylated p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK)

[156]