Fig. 3

SDA promotes the α-syn clearance regulated by UPS pathway and independent of ALP pathway. a Representative immunoblot and quantification of α-syn levels in the inducible PC12/α-syn cells treated with Dox followed by 20 % SDA, 20 µM autophagy inhibitor CQ, 0.7 µΜ proteasome inhibitor MG132 or 0.2 µM mTOR inhibitor Rap for another 24 h; b Representative immunoblots and quantification of p62 and LC3 levels in the inducible PC12/α-syn cells treated with Dox followed by SDA. Data from three independent experiments were expressed as mean ± SEM (^### P < 0.001 compared to control group; ^** P < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001 compared to Dox-treated group; ^& P < 0.05, ^&&& P < 0.001)