Fig. 1From: Chaihu-Shugan-San (Shihosogansan) alleviates restraint stress-generated anxiety and depression in mice by regulating NF-κB-mediated BDNF expression through the modulation of gut microbiotaEffect of CSS on the restraint (immobilization) stress (RS)-induced anxiety and depression in mice. A Effect on RS-induced anxiety-like behaviors in the EPM (OT, time spent in the open arm). B Effect on RS-induced depression-like behaviors in the TST. Test agents (RS, vehicle [saline]; CS0.5, 0.5 g/kg of CSS; CS1.0, 1 g/kg of CSS; CS4.0, 4 g/kg CSS, dissolved in saline) was orally gavaged daily for 5 days from the next day after the final exposure to restraint stress (RS). Normal control mice (NC) was orally treated with vehicle (saline) instead of CSS. Data values were indicated as mean ± SD (n = 6). #p < 0.05 vs. NC group. *p < 0.05 vs. RS groupBack to article page