Table 2 Herb monomers and gut microbiota

Resveratrol

Polygonum cuspidatum, Ampelopsis japonica, Smilax glabra Roxb

(1) Improve the dysbiosis of gut microbiota

(2) Reduce TMA via inhibiting the metabolism of choline and attenuate TMAO-induced AS

(3) Activate the BSH and promote the catabolism of BAs

(4) Decrease mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and adipogenesis through the FiaF signaling pathway

(5) Improve glucose homeostasis in obese individuals

(6) Lower the inflammatory state of obese individuals

Increased:

the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium,

Bacteroides, Parabacteroides

Decreased:

Enterococcus faecalis,

Proteobacteria,

Turicibacteraceae, Moryella, Lachnospiraceae,

Chen et al. [74]

Qiao et al. [75]

Sung et al. [76]

Berberine

Coptis chinensis Franch, cortex phellodendri

(1) Reduce atherosclerosis

(2) Revert the high-fat diet-induced structural changes of gut microbiota and enrich SCFA-producing bacteria

(2) Lower arterial and intestinal expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines

(3) Suppress anaerobic production of TMA and inhibit the choline-to-TMA transformation

(4) Reduce body weight, blood glucose levels and intestinal inflammation

Increased:

Akkermansia spp.,

Allobaculum, Butyricoccus,

Blautia,

Bacteriodes, Phascolarctobacterium,

Ruminococcus, Coprococcu,

Lactobacillus

Decreased:

C. sporogenes,

A. hydrogenalis,

Prevotella,

Proteus

Zhu et al. [77]

Li et al. [78]

Zhang et al. [79]

Zhang et al. [80]