Fig. 4

Effects of EF on the migration and invasion of TNF-α-stimulated HFLS-RA cells. HFLS-RA cells were incubated with EF (400, 800, 1600 µg/mL) and TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 24 h. A, C Effect of EF on HFLS-RA cells (×100) with regard to wound migration. Cell mobility was calculated and photographed. B, D An invasion assay was carried out in a chamber using a Matrigel™ basement membrane matrix and invading cells were counted to quantify chemotaxis. Images show the invasion of HFLS-RA cells following EF treatment. Data are the mean ± SD (n = 4), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, vs. TNF-α cells (HFLS-RA cells treated by TNF-α alone). ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, vs. control cells