Therapeutic potential of triptolide in autoimmune diseases and strategies to reduce its toxicity

Chinese Medicine

Table 1 The systemic toxicity of triptolide

Toxicity	Animals	Administration route	Minimum toxic dose	References
Hepatotoxicity	Female Wistar rats	Oral gavage	1 mg/kg/day, 14 days	[86]
	Male BALB/C mice	Intraperitoneal injection	1 mg/kg, 24 h	[87]
	Female SD rats	Oral gavage	0.4 mg/kg/day, 28 days	[88, 93]
	Female C57BL/6 mice	Oral gavage	0.6 mg/kg, 24 h	[89]
	Female C57BL/6 mice	Oral gavage	0.5 mg/kg, 24 h	[90]
	Female Wistar rats	Oral gavage	0.4 mg/kg/day, 28 days	[91]
	Female SD rats	Oral gavage	0.2 mg/kg/day, 28 days	[92]
Nephrotoxicity	Female Wistar rats	Oral gavage	0.2 mg/kg/day, 28 days	[95]
	Male SD rats	Intraperitoneal injection	1 mg/kg, 48 h	[96, 97]
	Female Wistar rats	Oral gavage	0.5 mg/kg/day, 28 days	[98]
Reproductive toxicity	Male SD rats	Oral gavage	0.1 mg/kg/day, 56 days	[99]
	Male mice	Intraperitoneal injection	0.06 mg/kg/day, 14 days	[100]
	Male C57BL/6 mice	Oral gavage	0.125 mg/kg/day, 15 days	[101]
	Female NIH mice	Oral gavage	0.025 mg/kg/day, 50 days	[105]
Cardiotoxicity	Male rats	Oral gavage	0.1 mg/kg/day, 14 days	[106]
	Male BALB/C mice	Intravenous injection	1.2 mg/kg, 24 h	[107, 108]
Splenic toxicity	Female SD rats	Oral gavage	0.4 mg/kg/day, 28 days	[93]
	Male SD rats	Oral gavage	1.2 mg/kg, 24 h	[109]
Lung toxicity	Male SD rats	Oral gavage	1.2 mg/kg, 24 h	[109]
Gastrointestinal toxicity	SD rats	Oral gavage	1.0 mg/kg, 1 h	[110]
Skin irritation	New Zealand rabbits	Transdermal administration	0.025 %, 7 days	[111]

ISSN: 1749-8546