Table 2 Anti-DILI effect and mechanism of polysaccharides in natural medicines

1

Fucus vesiculosus

Polysaccharide

Inhibits the overexpression of CYP2E1 and reduces apoptosis caused by Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory

Pre-clinical model: Male SD rats(6-week-old)

[102]

2

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill

Polysaccharide

Up-regulate GSH and Nrf2, reduce the level of MDA. Anti-oxidant

Pre-clinical model: Male ICR mice (20–23 g)

[103]

3

Artemisia argyi Levl.et Vant

Polysaccharide

Increased blood glucose concentration indicators, hepatocyte protection

Pre-clinical model: Healthy adult rabbit

[104]

4

Millettia pulchra Kurz var-laxior (Dunn) Z.Wei

Polysaccharide

Attenuating free radical injury and inhibiting lipid peroxidation and lowering release of inflammatory factors; Reduce liver damage and activate the anti-oxidant defense system

Pre-clinical model: Healthy Kunming mice, half male and half male (18–20 g); Kunming SPF mice, half male and half male (18–20 g); Kunming SPF mice (18–20 g)

[105,106,107]

5

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels

Polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: Male ICR mice (35–40 g) and SD rats (120–150 g)

[92]

6

Sophorae tonkinensis Radix (S. tonkinensis)

Polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: Male ICR mice (25–30 g)

[108]

7

Sargassum

polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic

Pre-clinical model: Male SD rats

[109]

8

Sargassum polycystum

Polysaccharide

Confirmed the effectiveness of the crude polysaccharide against acetaminophen-induced abnormality in rats

Pre-clinical model: Male albino Wistar rats (120–150 g)

[110]

9

Aureobasidium sp.

β-glucan

The increase of ALT and AST has a significant inhibitory effect

Pre-clinical model: Specific pathogen-free Balb/c mice (6–7 weeks)

[111]

10

Sagittaria sagittifolia L

Polysaccharides

Activation of NRF2 and its target antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of the expression of CYPs

Pre-clinical model: Sixty male BALB/c mice (18–22 g)

[112]

11

Dicliptera Chinensis (L.)Nees

Polysaccharide

Anti-inflammatory

Pre-clinical model: 60 SPF Kunming mice, (18–22 g), half male and half female

[113]

12

Mangifera indica L

Polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: Adult male albino Wistar rats (145–155 g)

[114]

13

M. chinensis Maxim cv. jiangxiangru

The Polysaccharide contains 11% uronic acid and 9% protein, and the polysaccharide part contains rhamnose, ara It is composed of primary sugar, mannose, glucose and galactose, and the molar ratio of monosaccharides is 5.3: 12.3: 3.4: 12.2: 32.6: 30.6

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: KM mice (8 weeks old, 20 ± 2 g)

[115]

14

Polygonum Cillinerve (Nakai) Ohwi

Polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: ICR mice (8 weeks old, 20 ± 2 g)

[116]

15

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz

Polysaccharide

TLR4 signaling pathway

Pre-clinical model: Healthy 1-day-old Magang goslings

[117]

16

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv

Polysaccharide

Decline in ALT, AST, MDA, SOD values

Pre-clinical model: Kunming clean grade, 60 mice, weight (8 weeks old 21 ± 4) g, half male and half male

[118]

17

Ostrea plicatula Gmelin

Crude polysaccharide

Activation the Nrf2-ARE pathway and anti-oxidative stress

Pre-clinical model: Male BALB/c mice, (6 weeks old)

[119]

18

Phellinus linteus

Polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: Kunming female mice (5 weeks old, 22–30 g)

[120]

19

Polygonatum sibiricum

Crude polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: 40 clean-grade SD rats, half male and half male, (160–180 g)

[97]

20

Cordyceps militaris link

Polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: ICR male mice (30 ± 2 g)

[121]

21

Cordyceps cicadae

Polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative, scavenging free radicals

Pre-clinical model: Kunming mice (20 ± 2 g)

[122]

22

Sagittaria Sagittifolia L

Polysaccharide

Inhibition on CYP2E1 and CYP3A4

Pre-clinical model: Human HepG 2 cell

[123]

23

Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc

Polysaccharide

Improving hepatic antioxidant capacity via NRF2/ARE pathway and regulating inflammation response

Pre-clinical model: Mail SPF Kunming mice (20–22 g)

[124]

24

Seaweed

Polysaccharide

Up-regulate the expression of Ntcp

Pre-clinical model: Wistar male rat (200–220 g)

[125]

25

Hippophae rhamnoides Linn

Polysaccharide

Suppressed the expression of TLR4 and p-JNK

Pre-clinical model: Male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old)

[126]

26

Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus

Polysaccharide

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: SD SPF rat, grade, for both sexes (200–220 g)

[127]

27

Panar japonicas C.A. Mey

Neutral polysaccharide (70.61%); uronic acid (15.89%)

Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory

Pre-clinical model: Kunming SPF male mice (20–22 g)

[128]

28

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo

Polysaccharide

Suppressing the oxidative stress and activating the Nrf2 − Keap1 signaling pathway

Pre-clinical model: Male ICR mice (6–8 weeks old)

[129]

29

Inonotus obliquus

Polysaccharide (98%)

Anti-oxidative

Pre-clinical model: 40 clean-grade mice (20–25 g)

[130]

30

Poria cocos

Polysaccharide

Suppressing inflammatory response and apoptosis in liver cells

Pre-clinical model: Male Kunming mice (6–7 weeks old, 18–22 g)

[131]

31

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill

Polysaccharide

Inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis

Pre-clinical model: ICR male mice (19–22 g)

[132]

32

Pleurotus citrinopileatus Sing

Polysaccharide

Regulate activity of CYP2E1 and CYP3A

Pre-clinical model: KM mouse, half male and half female (20–22 g)

[133]

33

Morus alba L.

Total polysaccharides

Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation

Pre-clinical model: Kunming SPF male (8 weeks old, 18–23 g)

[134]

34

Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz

Polysaccharide

Reduce transaminase activity, lower ALT, AST

Pre-clinical model: KM male mice (27–30 g)

[135]