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Table 6 Anti-DILI effect and mechanism of terpenes in natural medicines

From: Mechanism of drug-induced liver injury and hepatoprotective effects of natural drugs

No.

Natural medicine

Bioactive components

Mechanisms

The species investigated

References

1

Nigella sativa Linn

Thymoquinone

Decreases the level of protein and mRNA expression of α-SMA, collagen-I and the TIMP-1 to down-regulate TLR4 expression and significantly reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhibits the phosphorylation of PI3K, enhances the phosphorylation of AMPK and LKB-1

Pre-clinical model: Male Kunming mice (6 weeks old; 18–23 g)

[171]

2

Haematococcus pluvialis

Astaxanthin

Alleviating hepatocyte necrosis, blocking ROS generation, inhibiting oxidative stress, and reducing apoptosis by inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway mediated by TNF-α and phosphorylation of ERK and P38

Pre-clinical model: male C57BL/6 mice

[169]

3

Rabdosia excisa. KA

Kamebakaurin

Inhibiting the inflammatory response and oxidative stress

Pre-clinical model: female C57BL/6 J mice (6 weeks old)

[170]

4

Bouvardia ternifolia

Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid

The levels of AST and ALT were significantly reduced

Pre-clinical model: male Balb/C mice (23–27 g)

[172]

5

Bacopa monnieri

Bacoside

Prevent lipid peroxidation and prevent free radicals

Pre-clinical model: female Wistar albino rats (170–200 g)

[173]