Fig. 9

Immunohistochemical analysis of GFAP (astrocyte marker) in the hippocampus of non-CRS + saline, CRS + saline, CRS + 10 mg/kg HE, and CRS + 25 mg/kg HE group. Scale bar: 200 µm (hippocampus) and 50 µm (subregions) (A). The degree of astrocyte activation was examined in the CA1 (B), CA3 (C), and DG (D), separately. Notably, the CRS + saline group exhibited increased astrocyte activation in the CA1 and DG, which was suppressed by 10 and 25 mg/kg HE. To probe whether the observed suppression was mediated by hippocampal neurogenesis, the hippocampus of TMZ-treated animals was stained with GFAP in the same subregions. TMZ administration abolished the suppressive effects of HE (E–H)