Table 2 Processing effect of mineral excipients on Traditional Chinese medicine from components, pharmacodynamics and mechanism aspects

Alumen

Pinelliae Rhizoma

(↑) ephedrine, organic acid, succinic acid, amino acid,

trace elements (Zn, Fe, Mg, Ni)

(↓) alkaloids (ephedrine, guanosine, adenosine, uridine), toxic constituents (lectin protein, calcium oxalate needle crystal), succinic acid, carbohydrate, fatty acid, phytosterol, amino acid, triacylglycerol

(↓) irritant toxicity, anticancer (↑) remove dampness and dissipate

phlegm

(1) The needle crystal of calcium oxalates was corroded and dissolved by alum water from two aspects:

a) sulfate ion generated from aluminum potassium sulfate;

b) reaction of insoluble calcium oxalate under strong alkali solution

(2) The destroyed lectin protein, changed and degraded the peptide sequence in alum water

[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]

Arisaematis Rhizoma

(↑) Trace element Fe (↓) Amino acids, alkaloids, trace elements (Zn, Ca), lectin

protein, calcium oxalate needle crystal

(↓) irritant toxicity

(1) Calcium oxalate needle crystal was dissolved in acidic alum solution; alum was hydrolyzed into aluminium hydroxide gel in water; toxic component is absorbed by its own charge

(2) The lectin protein was destroyed and degraded in alum water

[21,22,23, 27,28,29]

Typhonii Rhizoma

(↑) 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, bis (5-formylfuryl) ether

(↓) amino acids, alkaloids, nucleosides, polysaccharides,

total flavonoids, lectin protein

(↓) irritant toxicity (↑) dispel wind and phlegm,

antivirus, antioxidant,

anti-tuberculosis, improve hemorheology

(1) Under acidic and heated conditions, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was produced by thermal degradation and Maillard reaction from sugars and free amino acids

(2) Salification reaction of alkaloids in Aconitum carmichaeli in acidic alum water makes form salts, which increases water solubility and causes loss

(3) The lectin protein and calcium oxalate needle crystals were degraded and failed to work in alum water

(4) Alum could fix protein, promote lipid synthesis and increase fat soluble components

(5) Nucleosides were easily soluble in water, resulting in loss

[21, 22, 31,32,33,34,35,36,37]

Cordate Pinellia Tuber

(↓) polar components

Potassium aluminum sulfate promotes the dissolution of polar small molecule compounds

[39]

Alocasia Macrorrhiza

(↓) toxicity 、antipyretic effect

[38]

Gardeniae Fructus

(↑) total iridoid glycosides, geniposide, crocin I and

crocin II (when using Gardenia jasminoides with six

edges) (↓) geniposide, crocin I, total iridoid glycosides

retention of active ingredients (↑) curative effect

Enzyme killing and glycosides preserving

[40,41,42]

Talci Pulvis

Myristicae Semen

(↑) volatile oil (myristicin, safrole, eugenol, isoeugenol),

trace elements( Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) (↓) volatile oil (myristicin, safrole), fatty oil, tannins

(↑) antidiarrheal (↓) intestinal sliding, toxicity

(1) Long time heating (2) The change of volatile oil content was caused by heat transfer rate,

particle size and adsorption

[46,47,48,49,50]

Hirudo

(↑) amino acids, trace elements(Ca, Mg), hypoxanthine,

volatile constituents (terpinene, 4-methylphenol, cycloalfalfa, 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene-3-ol, 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane)

(↓) toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Hg), trace elements (Zn, Mn, Cu,

Fe), hirudin, protein, volatile constituents (5-hydroxy methylfurfural, nonanoic acid, undecanol, decanoic acid, dodecanal, peach aldehyde, 2-dodecanone, 2-tetradecanone, myristic aldehyde, tridecanoic acid, 2-tridecanone, 1,2-epoxyectadecane, myristic acid, 2-pentadecanone, 1-nonadecene, 2-heptadecanone)

(↑) reduce blood pressure,relieving asthma

(↓) anticoagulant activity, coagulation and toxicity

Heat destroys proteins

[51,52,53,54,55, 109, 110]

Talci Pulvis

Bufonis Venenum

(↓) bufogenin, resibufogenin

(↓) irritant toxicity

Heat denaturates the protein

[56,57,58]

Aristolochia Manshuriensis

(↓) aristolochic acid A

(↓) nephrotoxicity

High temperature degradation

[60]

Strychni Semen

(↓) strychnine, brucine

(↓) toxicity

Uniform thermal degradation

[59]

Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum

(↓) amino acid, protease and amylase

(↑) eliminating kidney stones,

treating stranguria

Enhances the efficacy synergistically; makes the texture crisp loose and crisp; convenient to prepare and carry; correct odor and taste

[62]

Asini Corii Colla

(↑) amino acid

(↑) hemostasis and blood production (↓) greasy nature, bad smell and side

effects

(1) Convergence, adsorption and intestinal wall protection effect by the magnesium silicate contained in Talc powder;

(2) The calcium salt in donkey hides gelatin was processed into calcium ion, which is convenient for the human body to absorb and increase the calcium content in blood; Calcium ion is a coagulant, which could reduce the penetration of blood cell and serum outside the blood vessel wall. It could enhance the effect of astringency, hemostasis and blood-enriching

(3) Talc can heat the drug evenly and absorb a lot of chemical irritants and water

[63, 64]

Swim Bladder

(↑) protein, 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene, volatile constituents (α-gurulene, benzophenone, guaiacene, pristane, 2-decyltetraethylene oxide, 6,10,14-triyl-2-pentadecanone)

(↓) volatile constituents (2-decennal, myristic aldehyde, cedrene, nerolidol, heptadiene, 2-pentadecanone, heptadecane, cyclopentadecane, diisobutyl phthalate,1-octadecene, ethyl palmitate)

The efficacy was not affected

The intermediate heat transfer body makes it easy to process the preparation

[55, 65]

Corium Elephatis

(↑) amino acid

Heating makes the elephant skin foaming and crisp, which is conducive to the preparation

[66]

Dog testes and penis

(↑) alcohol extract (↓) amino acid

Makes the texture crisp loose and crisp; convenient to prepare and carry; correct odor and taste

[67]

Hedgehog skin

(↓) alcohol extract, amino acid

[68]

Puerariae Lobatae Radix

(↑) total flavonoids

(↑) spleen-tonifying, antidiarrhea

[69]

Hawksbill Shell

(↑) volatile constituents (3-methylbiphenyl, caryophyllene oxide, benzophenone, pristine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl benzoquinone, methyl palmitate)

(↓) volatile constituents (cedrene, valencia tangerine, elemanol, gladiolene, β-eucalyptol, myristic aldehyde, 6,10, 14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, octadecane epoxide, eucalyptol)

[55]

Pheretima

(↑) stranguria, heat-clearing, diuretic

Synergism of talci pulvis

[61]

Angelicae Sinensis Radix

(↑) conifer ferulate,1-ethoxypropane,2,6-dimethyl benzene anthracene, organic acid (chlorogenic acid, formic acid, acetic acid), volatile constituents (butyraldehyde, 1R-α- pinene, 1S-α-pinene, octyl aldehyde, 6-butyl-1,4- cycloheptadiene, 6-hendecanone, 2-methoxylphenol, ( +)-aromadendrene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,2-carboxylic acid, 3,4-dimethylepoxyphenylbutyrate)

(↓) polysaccharide, ferulic acid, volatile constituents (ligustilide I, H, A, thujopsene, n-butylphthalide, α- and β- cedrene, n-butylidenephthalide, elemene, α-Chamigrene, α-bulnesol, β-chamigrene, ( +)-ledene, α-bisabolene, ( +)-cuparene, ( +)-α-longipinene, (-)-spainulenol, E- and Z- ligustilide)

(↑) hepatoprotective activity,

anti-inflammation, antidiarrhea, spleen-tonifying

(↓) intestinal irritation

(1) The decrease in sugar is attributed to the high temperature that causes it to carbonize;

(2) Destruction of tissue structure and the loss of volatile oil;

(3) Content of ferulic acid was decreased with the increase of temperature;

(4) Increased solubility of chlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid at high temperature;

(5) High temperature could destroy enzyme activity and increase the content of pine ferulic acid ester. However, decompose could also be happen under too high temperature;

(6) Senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H and n-butenylphthalide are unstable at high temperature

[75,76,77, 111, 112]

Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome

(↑) atractylenolide I,II, III, elemene, palmitic acid,

linoleic acid, water soluble sugars and alcohol extract (↓) volatile oil (atractylone, geranione, etc.)

(↑) spleen-tonifying, antidiarrhea (↓) irritation

(1) Atractylone was oxidized to atractylodes by air contact oxidation;

(2) Frying made the tissue loose and the volatile oil was lost; (3) Volatile oils were absorbed by soil

[78,79,80]

Paeoniae Radix Alba

(↑) paeoniflorin, albiflorin, benzoic acid, gallic acid (↓) paeoniflorin

(↑) antioxidation, spleen-tonifying, antidiarrhea

(1) Paeoniflorin was decomposed into paeoniflorin under high temperature;

(2) Heating changes content and structure of the water; (3) Trace elements in the soil played a synergistic role

[81, 82]

Dioscoreae Rhizome

(↑) extract (water-soluble, alcohol-soluble) (↓) allantoin, polysaccharide, phospholipids

(↑) spleen-tonifying, antidiarrhea

(1) Loss of polysaccharide, phospholipid and allantoin by high temperature;

(2) Synergetic effect of soil

[80, 85]

Soil

Coicis Semen

(↑) triglycerides

(↑) spleen-tonifying, antidiarrhea

(1) Frying made the tissue loose, while oil loss and effective components dissolved

(2) Volatile components were absorbed by soil

[80]

Atractylodis Rhizoma

(↑) trace elements (Fe, Cr, Ti, Al, Mn, Zn, B, Sn, P, Mo,

Pt, Ni, Tl)

(↓) trace elements (Cu, Na, Mg, Sr, Ba, Cd, Li)

[86]

Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium

(↑) hesperidin

(↑) spleen-tonifying, dissipate phlegm, stop vomiting

[84]

Lablab Semen Album

(↑) protein, total free amino acids, proline

(↓) total phospholipids, total lectin

(↑) spleen-tonifying, antidiarrhea

[83]

Myristicae Semen

(↑) volatile constituents (safrole, α-asarone, γ- and δ-terpinene, cis-p-menthane-2-ene-1-ol, α-phellandrene, β-caryophyllene, 4-carene)

(↓) volatile constituents (myristol, trans-p-menthane-2-

ene-1-ol, cis- and trans- β-terpinenol, β-pinene)

[46]

Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum

(↑) digestion

(1) Stir frying with soil enhanced spleen-strengthening effect (2) Soil stir-fry correct heat, odor and flavor

[88]

Eucommiae Cortex

(↑) spleen-tonifying, stop bleeding, liver-tonifying, kidney-tonifying

(1) Rubber filament is easy to break and absorption in salt water, which enhance the effect of tonifying liver and kidney

(2) Soil could strengthen the spleen-strengthening and hemostasis effect

[87]

Pinelliae Rhizoma

(↑) trace elements(Zinc, nickel) (↓) alkaloid (such as guanosine), lectin protein, calcium

oxalate needle crystal

(↓) toxicity

Calcium oxalate and lectin protein were hydrolyzed and destroyed by lime water

[10, 91]

Aristolochia Manshuriensis

(↓) aristolochic acid A

(↓) nephrotoxicity

Aristolochic acid A was neutralized and destroyed by alkaline substance

[60]

Paridis Rhizoma

(↓) toxicity

[93]

Soda Lime

Alocasia Macrorrhiza

(↓) toxicity

[95]

Strychni Semen

(↓) strychnine, brucine

(↓) toxicity

[95]

Miao medicine Arisaema Rhizomatum

(↑) total flavonoids (processed with dry soda lime)

(↓) total flavonoids (processed with soda lime water)

[92]

Cordate Pinellia Tuber

(↓) alkaloid

(↓) toxicity

Acidic toxic component was hydrolyzed by alkaline soda lime water

[39]

Indigo Naturalis

(↑) indigo blue, indirubin

Formation and enrichment of active components by the alkaline environment of lime water

[94]

Halloysitum Rubrum

Myristicae Semen

(↓) oil

(↑) antidiarrhea (↓) intestinal sliding

Antidiarrhea effect of absorbed oil by Red halloysite

[97]

Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome

(↑) polysaccharide, atractylenolide III

(↑) immunity, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory

[98]

Cinnabaris

Ophiopogon Japonicus

(↓) total flavonoids

(↑) clearing the heart, calming the

mind, aid-sleeping

Synergistic interaction

[103, 104]

Polygalae Radix

(↑) cyclosenegenin

(↑) clearing the heart, calming the

mind, aid-sleeping

Synergistic interaction

[102]