Fig. 4

Effects of VIP on levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in LPS + IFN-γ or IL-4 + IL-13 induced AMs cells. Macrophages were pre-treated with VIP(10^–6,10^–7, 10^–8 mol/L) for 24 h, followed by LPS (100 ng/mL) + IFN-γ(20 ng/mL) or IL-4 (40 ng/mL) + IL-13(20 ng/mL) stimulation for 12 h. Cells were collected and the contents of TNF-α (A), IL-6 (B), IL-10 (C), Arg-1 (D) were determined using ELISA. (E-J) TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, IL-10, Arg-1, Ym-1 mRNA expression was determined using Real-time PCR analysis. Data were expressed as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 vs. control group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. LPS alone group. +p < 0.05, ^{+ +}p < 0.01, ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001 vs. IL-4 alone group