Fig. 5

VIP inhibited (M1) macrophage and activated (M2) macrophage in LPS + IFN-γ‐induced or IL-4 + IL-13-induced AMs. Effects of Pseudoephedrine + emodin on the expression of VIP in LPS‐induced ALI rats. A–D, F, H, I (M1) macrophage Marker CD86, IL-6 and (M2) macrophage Marker CD206, IL-10 expression was determined using immunofluorescence. E, G CD86, CD206 mRNA expression was determined using Real-time PCR analysis. J The contents of VIP in the serum of ALI rats were determined using ELISA. Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 vs. control group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. LPS alone group. +p < 0.05, ⁺⁺p < 0.01, ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001 vs. IL-4 alone group