Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of pulmonary vascular remodelling. Endothelial–mesenchymal transition, increased extracellular matrix and proliferation of vascular cells (PASMCs and HPAECs) induced vascular stenosis and occlusion, even further leads to right ventricular failure. mPAP mean pulmonary arterial pressure, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase