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Fig. 3 | Chinese Medicine

Fig. 3

From: Bioactivities and mechanisms of natural medicines in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Fig. 3

Pathogenesis of PAH in genetic and cellular levels. The main pathogenesis involves in genetic mutations (BMPR2, ACVRL1, KCNK3, Smad1/4/9 and EIF2AK4), dysregulation of vascular cells (HPAECs and PASMc), epigenetic factors (miRNA and lncRNA), metabolic dysfunction (oestrogen, mitochondrial and glucose metabolism), inflammation and immunity (NF-κB and complement cascade). PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, NO nitric oxide, ET-1 endothelin-1, PASMCs pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, HPAECs human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, EndMT endothelial–mesenchymal transition, PECAM1 platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, α-SMA α-smooth muscle actin, HIF hypoxia-inducible factor, SOD superoxide dismutase, PFKFB3 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3, IgG immunoglobulin G

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