Natural medicines | Efficacy | Cell lines/animals | Dose/concentration | Mechanisms of action | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ligustrazine | Regulating calcium homeostasis | SD rats | 100 mg/kg (p.o.) | HIF-1α↓, basal [Ca2+]i↓, SOCE↓, TRPC1↓, TRPC6↓ | [75] |
Regulating vasomotor factors | PAH patient | 120 mg/day (i.v.) | ET-1↓, NO↑ | [76] | |
Tetrandrine | Inhibiting oxidative stress | SD rats | 50 mg/kg (i.p.) | iNOS↓, PKG-1↑, SOD↑, MDA↓ | |
Breviscapine | Regulating vasomotor factors | PAH patient | 50 mg/day (i.v.) | ET-1↓, NO↑ | [79] |
Puerarin | Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | SD rats | 80 mg/kg (p.o.) | LC3B-II↓, BECN-1↓, ATG5↓, SQSTM1↑ | [80] |
Inhibiting oxidative stress | HPAECs | 30 µmol/L | BMPR2/Smad↑, PPARγ/PI3K/Akt↑ | [81] | |
Genistein | Inhibiting oxidative stress | PASMCs | 50 µmol/L | ROS↓, SOD↑, H2O2↑ | [82] |
Baicalein | Inhibiting inflammatory response | SD rats | 100 mg/kg (p.o.) | TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓ | [83] |
Inhibiting inflammatory response | Wistar rats | 100 mg/kg (p.o.) | NF-κB p65↓, BMPR2↑, BMP-4↑, BMP-9↑, Smad1/5/8↑ | [84] | |
Quercetin | Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | PASMCs | 60 µmol/L | MMP2↓, MMP9↓, Bax/Bcl-2↑; Cyclin B1↓ | [85] |
Isoquercitrin | Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | PASMCs | 30 µmol/L | PCNA↓, α-SMA↓, Cyclin D1↓, CDK4↓, p-PDGF-Rβ↓ | [86] |
Dihydromyricetin | Inhibiting PASMC migration | PASMCs | 100 mg/kg | MMP9↓, p-STAT3↓ | [87] |
Danshensu | Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | PASMCs | 30 µg/mL | Regulating TGF-β-smad3 pathway | [88] |
Salvianolic acid A | Improving pulmonary vascular remodelling | SD rats | 3 mg/kg (p.o.) | AST↓, ALT↓, NT-proBNP↓, RVSP↓, ET-1↓, BMPR2↑, Smad1/5↑ | [89] |
STS | Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | PASMCs | 10 ng/mL | mTOR↓, eIF2α↓, c-myc↓ | [90] |
Activating BMPR2 signalling pathway | SD rats | 30 mg/kg (i.p.) | BMPR2↑, CAV1↑, p-smad1/5/8↑ | [91] | |
Resveratrol | Inhibiting inflammatory response | SD rats | 40 mg/kg (p.o.) | TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓ | [92] |
Dihydroartemisinin | Inhibiting HPAEC proliferation | HPAECs | 60 µmol/L | ROS↓, NO↑, SOD↑ | [93] |
Triptolide | Inhibiting MMP pathways | SD rats | 0.25 mg/kg (i.p.) | MMP2↓, MMP9↓ | [94] |
Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | SD rats | 0.25 mg/kg (i.p.) | PCNA↓, caspase-3↑ | [95] | |
Paclitaxel | Inhibiting autophagy | SD rats | 5 mg/kg (i.v.) | p-FoxO1↓, RVSP↓, LC3A↓, LC3B↓ | [96] |
Glycyrrhizin | Inhibiting inflammatory response | SD rats | 50 mg/kg (i.p.) | HMGB1↓, survival rate↑, ET-1↓ | [98] |
Thymoquinone | Inhibiting pulmonary arterial remodelling | SD rats | 16 mg/kg (p.o.) | PCNA↓, α-SMA↓, MMP2↓, Bax/Bcl-2↑, cleaved caspase-3↑ | [99] |
Hydroxysafflor yellow A | Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | Wistar rats | 10 mg/kg (i.p.) | RVHI↓, PCNA↓ | [101] |
Salidroside | Promoting apoptosis | BALB/C mice | 32 mg/kg (p.o.) | Bax/Bcl-2↑, caspase 9↑, cleaved caspase-3↑, A2aR↑ | [102] |
Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | PASMCs | 500 µmol/L | AMPKα1↑, P53↑, P27↓, P21↓, PCNA↓, caspase-3↑ | [103] | |
Polydatin | Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | PASMCs | 100 ng/mL | PCNA↓, α-SMA↓ | [104] |
Icariin | Regulating vasomotor factors | SD rats | 40 mg/kg (p.o.) | NO↑, eNOS↑, cGMP↑, PDE5↓ | [105] |
Arctigenin | Inhibiting inflammatory response | SD rats | 50 mg/kg (i.p.) | NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓ | [106] |
Praeruptorin A | Inhibiting PASMC proliferation | PASMCs | 20 µmol/L | Basal Ca2+↓, SOCE↓ | [108] |
Astragalus polysaccharides | Inhibiting inflammatory response | SD rats | 200 mg/kg | eNOS↑, NO↑, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓ | [109] |