Table 1 The detailed traditional uses of Dianthus superbus L. as medicine
| Species | Traditional uses | Traditional Chinese medicine with the same traditional uses | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dianthus superbus L | Hemorrhoid and fistula | Nepeta cataria L.; Lonicerae Japonicae Flos; Sophorae Flos; Gentiana macrophylla Pall.; Sophorae Fructus; Coptidis Rhizoma; Rehmanniae Radix; Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma; Astragalus mongholicus Bunge; Codonopsis Radix; Mume Fructus | Ri Hua Zi Ben Cao, 1578 C.E. [107] |
| Cysts |
Astragalus mongholicus Bunge; Codonopsis Radix; Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma; Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma; Sparganii Rhizoma; Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton; Sophorae Flavescentis Radix | [88, 108,109,110] | |
| Anti-early pregnancy | Pinelliae Rhizoma; Carthami Flos; Arnebiae Radix | [38, 111,112,113] | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Dioscoreae Rhizoma; Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.; Alismatis Rhizoma; Persicae Semen | [89, 114] | |
| Chronic prostatitis | Angelicae Sinensis Radix; Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma; Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.; Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.; Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma Rubra | [90, 92, 115, 116] | |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma; Paeoniae Radix Rubra; Violae Herba; Taraxaci Herba | [91, 117] | |
| Vulnerary and Amenorrhea | Angelicae Sinensis Radix; Cyperi Rhizoma; Ligusticum chuanxiong; Codonopsis Radix | [93, 105, 118] | |
| Gonorrhea | Smilax glabra Roxb.; Kochiae Fructus; Portulaca oleracea L.; Hedyotis diffusa Willd | [94, 106, 119] | |
| Antiphlogistic and Diuretic | Phyllanthus urinaria L.; LygodII Spora; Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC | [71, 78, 95, 120] |