Dianthi herba: a comprehensive review of its botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology

Liu, Qian; Zang, Er-Huan; Wang, Cong-Cong; Liu, Yu-Chao; Niu, Hui; Gao, Yuan; Li, Min-Hui

doi:10.1186/s13020-022-00570-2

Chinese Medicine

Table 3 Compounds isolated from D. superbus and D. chinensis

From: Dianthi herba: a comprehensive review of its botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology

Classification	No	Compounds	Source	Refs
Saponins	1	3-O-β-d-Glucopyranosylolean-9(11),12-diene-23,28-dioicacid28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	D. superbus	[11]
	2	3-O-β-d-Glucopyranosylolean-11,13(18)-diene-23,28-dioicacid28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	D. superbus	[11, 13]
	3	3-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl gypsogenic acid 28-O-[β-d-6-O-((3S)-3-hydroxyl-3- methylglutaryl)glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside	D. superbus	[12]
	4	3-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl gypsogenic acid 28-O-[β-d-Glucopyranosyl(1 → 3)][β-d-6-O-((3S)-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl)glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside	D. superbus	[12]
	5	3-O-α-l-Arabinopyranosyl-3β,16α-dihydroxyolean-12-en-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-[β-d-Glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside	D. superbus	[12]
	6	Asiatic acid	D. superbus	[14]
	7	Dianchinenoside A	D. chinensis	[15]
	8	Dianchinenoside B	D. chinensis	[15]
	9	Dianchinenoside C	D. chinensis	[17]
	10	Dianchinenoside D	D. chinensis	[17]
	11	Dianchinenoside E	D. chinensis	[16]
	12	Dianchinenoside F	D. chinensis	[16]
	13	Dianchinenoside G	D. chinensis	[16]
	14	Dianchinenoside H	D. chinensis	[16]
	15	3-O-α-l-Arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside	D. chinensis	[24]
	16	Madecassic acid	D. superbus	[19]
	17	Sterculin A	D. superbus	[18]
	18	(24R)-Cycloart-25-ene-3β,24-diol	D. superbus	[18]
	19	(24S)-Cycloart-25-ene-3β,24-diol	D. superbus	[18]
	20	β-Spinasterol	D. superbus	[18]
	21	Stigmast-7-en-3β-ol	D. superbus	[18]
	22	β-Sitosterol glucoside	D. superbus	[38]
	23	Hainanenside	D. superbus	[20]
	24	3-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl olean-11, 13 (18)-diene-23, 28-dioic acid	D. superbus	[20]
	25	Quillaic acid	D. superbus	[21]
Flavonoids	26	Quercetin-3-O-glucoside	D. superbus	[22]
	27	Quercetin-7-O-glucoside	D. superbus	[27]
	28	Isoorientin	D. superbus	[23]
	29	Orientin	D. superbus	[23]
	30	5-Hydroxy-7,5′,4′-trimethoxyflavanone	D. superbus	[18]
	31	5,3′-Dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavanone	D. superbus	[18]
	32	5,4′-Dihydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxyflavanone	D. superbus	[18]
	33	Isoorientin-2″-O-glucoside	D. chinensis	[24]
	34	Chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside	D. chinensis	[24]
	35	Isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside	D. chinensis	[24]
	36	Diosmetin-7-O(2″,6″-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside	D. superbus	[28, 42]
	37	Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside	D. superbus	[30]
	38	Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside	D. superbus	[30]
	39	Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside 7-O-rhamnoside	D. superbus	[30]
	40	Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside-glucoside 7-O-rhamnoside	D. superbus	[30]
	41	Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside-glucoside 7-O-rhamnoside	D. superbus	[30]
	42	Luteolin	D. superbus D. chinensis	[23, 25, 29]
	43	3,5,7-Trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxylflavone	D. superbus	[26]
	44	Kaempferol	D. superbus	[26]
	45	Quercetrin	D. superbus	[26]
	46	Tricin	D. superbus	[31]
	47	Diosmetin	D. superbus	[31]
	48	5-Hydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxydihydroflavone	D. superbus	[20]
Peptides	49	Dianthin A	D. superbus	[33]
	50	Dianthin B	D. superbus	[33]
	51	Dianthin C	D. superbus	[34]
	52	Dianthin D	D. superbus	[34]
	53	Dianthin E	D. superbus	[34]
	54	Dianthin F	D. superbus	[34]
	55	Dianthin G	D. superbus	[35]
	56	Dianthin H	D. superbus	[35]
	57	Dianthin I	D. chinensis	[37, 45]
	58	Pseudostellarin A	D. chinensis	[37, 45]
	59	Heterophyllin J	D. chinensis	[37, 45]
	60	4-Methoxydianthramide B	D. superbus	[34]
	61	Cyclo-(l-N-methyl Glu-l-N-methyl Glu	D. chinensis	[36]
	62	Cyclo-(l-methyl Glu-ester-l-methyl Glu ester	D. chinensis	[36]
	63	Cyclo-(l-methyl Glu-ester-l-Glu)	D. chinensis	[36]
	64	Cyclo-(l-Glu-l-Glu)	D. chinensis	[36]
	65	Tyrocidine B	D. superbus	[30]
Anthraquinones	66	Emodin	D. superbus	[19, 25, 38, 40]
	67	Physcion	D. superbus	[38, 39]
	68	Emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	D. superbus	[25, 38]
	69	Physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside	D. superbus	[20]
	70	MelrubiellinA	D. superbus	[21]
	71	MelrubiellinB	D. superbus	[21]
Phenolic acids	72	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	D. superbus	[19, 41]
	73	3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid	D. superbus	[19]
	74	Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate	D. superbus	[38]
	75	Methyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propionate	D. superbus	[38]
	76	4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-pentyl ester benzenepropanoic acid	D. superbus	[42]
	77	Vanillic acid	D. superbus	[42]
	78	4-Hydroxy-benzeneacetic acid	D. superbus	[42]
	79	Hydroferulic acid	D. superbus	[42]
	80	Methyl hydroferulate	D. superbus	[42]
	81	(E)-methyl-4-hydroxy-4-(8a-methyl-3-oxodecahydronaphthalen-4a-yl)	D. superbus	[42]
	82	Trans-p-coumaric acid	D. superbus	[26]
	83	Catechol	D. superbus	[21]
	84	Salicylic acid	D. superbus	[21]
	85	β⁃hydroxypropiovanillone	D. superbus	[31]
	86	4-Methoxyphenylacetic acid	D. superbus	[20]
Amides	87	Patriscabratine	D. superbus	[19]
	88	N-p-coumarylanthranilic acid	D. superbus	[19]
	89	Methoxydianthramide S	D. superbus	[26]
	90	2-[(2,4-Dihydroxybenzoyl) amino]-4-methoxy-benzoic acid	D. superbus	[26]
	91	Aurantiamide	D. superbus	[21]
	92	Aurantiamide acetate	D. superbus	[31]
Phenylpropanoids	93	4-Methoxy-benzeneacetic acid	D. superbus	[42]
	94	Scopoletin	D. superbus	[26]
	95	6-Methoxy-hydroxycoumarin	D. superbus	[26]
	96	Epipinoresinol	D. superbus	[21]
	97	Pinoresinol	D. superbus	[21]
	98	Prinsepiol	D. superbus	[21]
	99	Medioresinol	D. superbus	[31]
	100	Syringaresinol	D. superbus	[31]
	101	Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol	D. superbus	[31]
Others	102	Hydoxydihydrobovolide	D. superbus	[18]
	103	Cis-3-hexen-1-ol	D. superbus	[43]
	104	Phenylethane	D. superbus	[43]
	105	N-hexanol	D. superbus	[43]
	106	Sorbic Acid	D. superbus	[43]
	107	Benzaldehyde	D. superbus	[43]
	108	N-heptanol	D. superbus	[43]
	109	1-Octen-3-ol	D. superbus	[43]
	110	6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	D. superbus	[43]
	111	2-Methyl-2-hepten-6-ol	D. superbus	[43]
	112	Phenylacetaldehyde	D. superbus	[43]
	113	p-tolualdehyde	D. superbus	[43]
	114	N-octanol	D. superbus	[43]
	115	(E, E)-3,5-octadien-2-one	D. superbus	[43]
	116	Linalool	D. superbus	[43]
	117	1-Acetyl-2-methylcyclopentene	D. superbus	[43]
	118	N-nonanal	D. superbus	[43]
	119	N-nonanol	D. superbus	[43]
	120	decanal	D. superbus	[43]
	121	n-decanol	D. superbus	[43]
	122	α-terpineol	D. superbus	[43]
	123	α-cyclocitral	D. superbus	[43]
	124	Cis-chrysanthenylacetate	D. superbus	[43]
	125	(E)-anethole	D. superbus	[43]
	126	α-Damascenone	D. superbus	[43]
	127	Tetrahydrogeranyl acetone	D. superbus	[43]
	128	Geranyl acetone	D. superbus	[43]
	129	2,6,10-trimethyltetradecane	D. superbus	[43]
	130	β-Ionone	D. superbus	[43]
	131	3,7,11-Trimethyl-1-dodecanol	D. superbus	[43]
	132	2-Methylhexadecan-1-ol	D. superbus	[43]
	133	6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone	D. superbus	[43]
	134	Farnesy lacetone	D. superbus	[43]
	135	Palmitic acid	D. superbus	[43]
	136	Cis-phytol	D. superbus	[43]
	137	(E)-4-Methoxycinnamic acid	D. superbus	[42]
	138	3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol	D. superbus	[42]
	139	Loliolide	D. superbus	[26]
	140	1-Monopalmitin	D. superbus	[26]
	141	2,4-Dimethylhexane	D. superbus	[44]
	142	2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol	D. superbus	[44]
	143	Methyl 12-methyltridecanoate	D. superbus	[44]
	144	Tetradecane	D. superbus	[44]
	145	Methyl 13-methylpentadecanoate	D. superbus	[44]
	146	3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecadiene-3-ol	D. superbus	[44]
	147	16-methylheptadecanoic acid methyl ester	D. superbus	[44]
	148	2,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde	D. superbus	[44]
	149	2,4,6-trimethyloctane	D. superbus	[44]
	150	2-Methyldecane	D. superbus	[44]
	151	2,6,11-trimethyldodecane	D. superbus	[44]
	152	2,6-di-tert-butylphenol	D. superbus	[44]
	153	Methyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate	D. superbus	[44]
	154	(Z)-9-Octadecenylamide	D. superbus	[44]
	155	2,4-Nondiene	D. superbus	[44]
	156	7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione	D. superbus	[44]
	157	Methyl palmitate	D. superbus	[44]
	158	11,13-dimethyl-12-tetradecene-1-ol acetate	D. superbus	[44]
	159	(R)-4-[(R, E)-3-hydroxy-1-butenyl]-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one	D. superbus	[44]
	160	1-Hydroxy-4-keto-2-ionone	D. superbus	[44]
	161	Dibutyl phthalate	D. superbus	[44]
	162	4-Methyl-1-undecanone	D. superbus	[44]
	163	3, 3-Dimethylhexane	D. superbus	[44]
	164	2-Ethyl-1-heptanol	D. superbus	[44]
	165	1-Pentanol	D. superbus	[44]
	166	2-n-Pentylfuran	D. superbus	[44]
	167	4-Methyldocosane	D. superbus	[44]
	168	1-Hexadecene	D. superbus	[44]
	169	Cis-7-decene aldehyde	D. superbus	[44]
	170	2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone	D. superbus	[44]
	171	Dimethyl azelaite	D. superbus	[44]
	172	Phenanthrene	D. superbus	[44]
	173	2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-dodecanone	D. superbus	[44]
	174	2-Sec-butyl Cyclopentanone	D. superbus	[44]
	175	3,4-Epoxytetrahydrofuran	D. superbus	[44]
	176	2-Oxo-1-(4-bromo-n-butyl) piperidine	D. superbus	[44]
	177	2-Hexyl-1-octanol	D. superbus	[44]
	178	Methyl hexadecanoate	D. superbus	[44]
	179	1-Octacosanol	D. superbus	[44]
	180	l-Dianose	D. chinensis	[44]
	181	Dehydrololiolide	D. superbus	[21]
	182	Dehydrovomifoliol	D. superbus	[21]
	183	Succinic acid	D. superbus	[21]
	184	Parthenin	D. superbus	[31]
	185	Vomifoliol	D. superbus	[31]
	186	Zhebeiresinol	D. superbus	[31]
	187	Lariciresinol	D. superbus	[31]
	188	Ixerol B	D. superbus	[31]
	189	Cucumegastigmanes I	D. superbus	[31]
	190	(6z, 9z)-heptadecadiene	D. superbus	[31]
	191	3, 6, 9-nonadecatriene	D. superbus	[21]
	192	5-Hydroxyl-3,4-dimethy-5-pentyl-2(5H)-furanone	D. superbus	[20]
	193	1-Glycerol palmitate	D. superbus	[20]
	194	3-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid sodium salt	D. superbus	[20]

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